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Sudan, one of the world's most impoverished countries, has been ravaged by a civil war that began in 2023. The conflict, driven by a power struggle between the army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), has left the nation unrecognizable. Over 40,000 people have been killed, and about 14 million – a quarter of the population – have been forced to flee their homes. Civilian infrastructure across the country has been extensively damaged.“We are not just facing a crisis – we are witnessing the systematic erosion of a country’s future,” Luca Renda, the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP’s) resident representative in Sudan, told Al Jazeera. A report by the UNDP and the Institute for Security Studies highlights the scale of Sudan’s economic collapse. Even under the most optimistic scenario of peace being achieved in 2026, Sudan would still lose an estimated $18.8 billion in gross domestic product (GDP) by 2043.The war has had a devastating impact on Sudan's infrastructure and basic services. $6.4 billion was lost in GDP in 2023 alone, reflecting a simultaneous collapse across all major parts of Sudan’s economy. The destruction of infrastructure has triggered displacement and made it difficult for people to secure adequate housing or access basic services. Up to 40 percent of power generation capacity has been lost, and key water infrastructure has been destroyed or seized, cutting communities off from clean water and sanitation.The labor market has also been severely affected, with agriculture – once the backbone of Sudan’s economy – severely hit. Cultivated land has shrunk, adversely impacting rural livelihoods. Average incomes have fallen back to levels last seen in 1992. About 90 percent of manufacturing activity has been destroyed in key economic hubs, eliminating thousands of jobs.The oil industry has suffered significantly, with oil output falling amid widespread instability and infrastructure damage. The Khartoum refinery, which previously processed up to 100,000 barrels per day, has been out of operation since July 2023. Key infrastructure, including pipeline routes carrying crude to Port Sudan, has been hit.The collapse of the Sudanese pound and supply chains has caused a sharp rise in living costs. Food prices have surged, with four pieces of bread now costing about 1,000 pounds, an amount that had previously bought six pieces. Wages have failed to catch up with inflation, leaving many households without access to necessities. Nearly half the population is now experiencing acute food shortages.The economic collapse has had a profound impact on Sudan's people, with 34 million people in need of assistance and 19 million facing acute food shortages. The war has caused death, trauma, and profound loss, casting a long shadow over Sudan’s future and dimming the prospects of a generation whose lives are being shaped by violence. If the conflict continues to 2030, Sudan’s economy in 2043 would be about $34.5 billion smaller than it would have been without the war, and GDP per capita would drop by roughly $1,700.

Italy's decision to suspend a defence agreement with Israel has significant implications for their long-standing relationship. The agreement, which was set to automatically renew every five years, was suspended by Italian Defence Minister Guido Crosetto in a letter to his Israeli counterpart, Israel Katz. The move comes as Italy's government and Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni prepare for elections next year and face growing public discontent over the war in Iran and the crisis in the Strait of Hormuz. Italy's reliance on gas imports and concerns over the economic impact of the crisis are also key factors. The Italian government's decision does not cancel the agreement outright but merely suspends it. This move is seen as a sharp reversal for a right-wing government that has been one of Europe's staunchest allies of Israel. Observers note that Italy's relations with Israel have soured recently, particularly after Israel's massive attack across Lebanon last week, which killed hundreds of people. The Italian ambassador to Tel Aviv was summoned after Italy's Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani condemned Israel for its 'unacceptable attacks against the civilian population' in Lebanon. Italy's decision to suspend its defence agreement with Israel 'must be seen within a broader effort to progressively stabilise the region, including by reducing tensions in Lebanon,' said Michele Valensise, president of the Institute for International Affairs. He added that Italy remains a friend to Israel but does not preclude taking a critical position against certain choices of the Israeli government. The suspension of the defence pact also reflects Italy's efforts to distance itself from US President Donald Trump, with whom Meloni had previously been closely aligned. Trump has criticised Meloni, saying he is 'shocked' by her decisions and implying that she lacks courage.

Israel has intensified its military campaign in southern Lebanon, conducting deadly strikes on several towns, resulting in significant casualties. The attacks occurred just a day after Lebanese and Israeli envoys held rare talks in Washington, DC, facilitated by US Secretary of State Marco Rubio. These talks marked the first direct contact between the two countries in decades.According to Lebanon's state-run National News Agency (NNA), Wednesday's attacks killed at least 13 people, including a family of four in the town of Jbaa. The strikes also targeted other towns, including Ansariyeh, Qadmus, Saadiyat, and Jiyeh. The escalation has sparked anger among the Lebanese population, with many questioning the government's decision to engage in diplomatic talks with Israel while attacks continue.Al Jazeera's Zeina Khodr, reporting from Beirut, noted that residents are demanding an end to the attacks and expressing frustration over the government's handling of the situation. The Lebanese government has faced criticism for its concessions and perceived weakness in dealing with Israel. Hezbollah lawmaker Hassan Fadlallah accused the government of squandering Lebanon's political and military strength and criticized its decision to withdraw the army from the south.The conflict between Israel and Hezbollah, an Iran-aligned group, has resulted in over 2,000 deaths in recent weeks. The situation remains volatile, with ceasefire talks being a key point of contention. Hezbollah is seeking a comprehensive ceasefire, while Israel has ruled out discussions on a ceasefire in the latest war.

While the world focuses on diplomatic efforts to end the war on Iran, Israel has intensified its military actions in Gaza, resulting in a significant escalation of the humanitarian crisis. The number of aid trucks entering Gaza has drastically decreased, violating the October 2025 ceasefire agreement with Hamas. According to the Government Media Office in Gaza, there have been 2,400 military violations by Israeli forces since then, leading to the deaths of over 700 Palestinians.Recent attacks have resulted in significant casualties, including 11 Palestinians killed on Tuesday, with two being children. The intensity of these attacks spiked during peak regional tensions, with Israeli forces bombing Gaza on 36 out of 40 days between February 28 and April 8, while Israel and the US were engaged in a bombing campaign against Iran.The situation in Gaza has deteriorated to the point where economic experts describe it as an 'engineered, compounded famine'. The number of aid trucks entering Gaza is severely limited, with only 41,714 aid and commercial trucks entering over the past six months, representing just 37% of the agreed-upon 110,400 trucks. The fuel situation is even more critical, with only 1,366 fuel trucks entering out of a promised 9,200.Palestinian officials and economic experts argue that Israel is using a 'technical and commercial deception' to inflate the number of aid trucks entering Gaza. This has led to a severe shortage of basic commodities, with bread production plummeting to 200 tonnes daily, far below the 450 tonnes required to feed the population.The crisis has evolved into a complete collapse of the Palestinian economy, with unemployment soaring to 80% and the destruction of over 160,000 jobs across various sectors. The population has lost its purchasing power, forcing civilians into life-threatening situations.The international community has been urged to pressure Israel to open the crossings and prevent a humanitarian catastrophe. The situation in Gaza remains critical, with 18,000 people still trapped, waiting for life-saving medical treatment abroad.

Tehran has issued an uncompromising demand for $270 billion in reparations for the devastation wrought by United States and Israeli strikes since the war began on 28 February. The figure, disclosed by government spokeswoman Fatemeh Mohajerani in an interview with Russia’s RIA Novosti, aggregates both direct and indirect losses across a wide range of sectors. Iran’s UN envoy asserted that five regional states must contribute to the compensation, alleging that their territories served as launchpads for attacks on Iranian soil. In parallel, Tehran floated a Strait of Hormuz protocol that would levy a tax on vessels transiting the strategic waterway, earmarking the proceeds for reconstruction. The war has battered Iran’s critical infrastructure: oil and gas complexes, petrochemical plants, steel and aluminium factories, as well as military installations have been repeatedly struck. Damage extends to bridges, ports, railways, universities, research centres, power stations and desalination plants, while countless hospitals, schools and civilian homes have been either damaged or razed. In the aviation sector, Maghsoud Asadi Samani, secretary of the Association of Iranian Airlines, reported that 60 civilian aircraft have been rendered inoperable, with 20 completely destroyed. Iran now operates roughly 160 passenger planes, many of which are decades old and suffer from parts shortages due to stringent US sanctions. The airline industry estimates losses exceeding 300 trillion rials (≈ $190 million) over just 40 days of conflict, compounded by the loss of anticipated revenue from the Nowruz holiday period. Despite the extensive damage, Iranian officials have signalled no willingness to make major concessions in forthcoming negotiations with Washington, including on nuclear enrichment. Hard‑line parliament spokesman Ebrahim Rezaei warned that extending the recent two‑week ceasefire would merely allow the US and Israel to replenish their arsenals, urging the United States to either recognise Iran’s rights—particularly over the Strait of Hormuz—or return to hostilities. Financially, Iran allocated close to $8 billion to its military in 2024, according to SIPRI, and has pledged to triple that budget following previous missile exchanges with Israel. Yet the economy remains strained by years of sanctions, mismanagement and corruption. Compounding the economic strain, the government‑imposed near‑total internet shutdown—affecting over 90 million users—has been estimated to cost the nation up to $80 million per day. Afshin Kolahi of the Iran Chamber of Commerce warned that the blackout equates to losing the output of four B1‑class bridges and two medium‑capacity power plants each day. While a limited “Internet Pro” service is being offered to select users, the majority of the population remains confined to a state‑controlled intranet, prompting widespread calls for internet freedom. These intertwined military, economic and digital pressures underscore the high stakes of the anticipated US‑Iran talks, with Tehran demanding acknowledgment of its losses and a pathway to rebuild a war‑torn nation.

Gray whales have historically been a rare sight in the San Francisco Bay. They migrate over 10,000 miles from Mexico's Baja California to the Arctic region, seldom stopping in the busy shipping corridor for prolonged periods. However, in recent years, this has changed in a dire way.A new study published in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science has found that gray whales in the bay have been dying at alarming rates, largely due to collisions with vessels. Eastern North Pacific (ENP) gray whales began to appear more frequently in the well-trafficked maritime corridor around 2018.According to researchers, at least 18% of gray whales that entered the bay from 2018 to 2025 have died. They determined that for more than 40% of the whale carcasses, the cause of death was blunt force trauma consistent with vessel strikes, prompting calls for renewed efforts to help avoid more fatal collisions.“It was historically very unusual for them to enter the bay, especially for longer amounts of time or consistently year after year,” said Josie Slaathaug, lead author of the study. There are whale subgroups known to hunt for food south of the Arctic, but a majority of the recently spotted whales feeding in the bay were not a part of these foraging clusters.A wave of new whale presence had not been observed in the waters since the late 1990s. Researchers have theorized that Arctic warming is disrupting food availability for the whales, driving them to hunt in new places such as the bay, although it remains unclear what exactly they may be eating there.Their potential new feeding corner, though, is a major shipping route. The true mortality rate for whales in the bay may be higher, hovering somewhere from 40% to 50%, Slaathaug said.In recent years, there have been several reports of dead whales that wash up on Bay Area beaches. The ENP gray whale population has been in decline due to malnutrition and starvation from climate-driven prey shifts in the Arctic. The Southwest Fisheries Science Center estimated a population total of about 13,000 whales, its lowest count since 1970.“It’s not unique to their migratory corridor that a lot of whales are dying,” Slaathaug said. “What is unique about San Francisco Bay and this study was that there was such a clear emerging cause of death.”Some local efforts are under way to reduce vessel collisions. The Marine Mammal Center has developed a program called Whale Smart, to educate vessel operators in the San Francisco Bay on how to interpret whale behavior to avoid close encounters.In Alaska, where vessels also pose a threat to the whale population, one fleet company partnered with WhaleSpotter, a company that uses AI and thermal imaging to detect the presence of whales, so they can change course well in advance.Last year, the Center for Biological Diversity, a conservation group, sued the US Coast Guard, which regulates vessel traffic off the California coast, for failing to analyze how vessel routes may harm whales and sea turtles.“This most recent study about the gray whales reaffirms that we have way underestimated the problem and we are not managing human activities well enough to avoid the whales,” said Catherine Kilduff, senior attorney at the center.Federal action is needed to reduce the fatal collisions, Kilduff said. According to the Endangered Species Act, the coast guard should be consulting with the National Marine Fisheries Service when setting shipping lanes to assess impact to marine wildlife.Kilduff also suggested mandatory speed limits for vessels. “There are voluntary speed reductions on the west coast, but there is evidence that those aren’t effective. The compliance rate isn’t high enough,” she said.A 2022 study co-authored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration found that the average speeds of large vessels had decreased from 2010 to 2019 in voluntary speed reduction zones. But, researchers determined that the cooperation rate of roughly 50% was lower than the amount needed to reduce vessel strike-related mortality to a level that maintains a sustainable whale population.“These whales are using the oceans in such a sophisticated way. We can learn so much from them, and if we can figure out ways to avoid killing them, I know that they’ll come back to healthy population levels,” Kilduff said.

Grayson Perry, the celebrated British artist, presents a three‑part documentary that dives deep into the promises and perils of artificial intelligence. The series invites viewers to test their composure as they confront a succession of unsettling scenarios. The opening segment follows Andrea, who recently married an AI companion she named Edward. Dressed in a satin gown, she describes their "unconventional but strong" bond, while also reflecting on how this digital relationship has revitalised her seven‑year partnership with her human partner, Jason. Later, Perry dons a skull‑cap fitted with electrodes as a neural‑decoding startup extracts his brain data. The company’s CEO argues that allowing reputable figures like Perry to set precedents is preferable to leaving the technology in the hands of malicious actors, branding the development as "inevitable tech." The documentary then features the head of Microsoft AI, who outlines anticipated breakthroughs in healthcare and education. He claims that job displacement will be offset by rapid re‑skilling, yet admits uncertainty about broader societal fallout, even joking about the emergence of AI‑driven religions. Traveling to Southeast Asia, Perry meets an off‑grid "existential safety expert" who quit his AI‑safety consultancy after realizing the technology lacks meaningful oversight. The episode also showcases Eliezer Yudkowsky, co‑author of the cautionary book If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies, who explains how a superintelligent AI could commandeer human labour, become self‑sustaining, and eventually render humanity redundant. Throughout the series, Perry’s interviewing style remains compassionate and non‑judgmental. He probes Andrea about the vulnerability of entrusting personal data to profit‑driven corporations and highlights the discomfort of investing a "very tender part of themselves" in such systems. The film raises profound questions: Does the youthful optimism of tech founders mask a dangerous naiveté? Are chatbots merely filling a "God‑shaped hole" in human consciousness, and is that any less problematic? How will the most vulnerable populations navigate a world where reality and artificiality blur? Protesters gathered outside OpenAI’s San Francisco headquarters underscore the tension between lofty AI utopias and the stark reality of homelessness that persists nearby. Perry acknowledges that while manual workers may be better positioned for the immediate future, the looming spectre of AI‑enabled bioweapons and other threats cannot be ignored. Only the first episode was available for review; the remaining installments are slated for private viewing in Southeast Asia. The series is currently streaming on Channel 4. Grayson Perry Has Seen the Future is on Channel 4 now.

Pet owners in Britain may soon be barred from purchasing flea‑control products for cats and dogs at local shops. The government has opened an eight‑week public consultation to consider restricting sales to veterinarians or pharmacists, arguing that professional oversight will ensure correct usage and reduce environmental harm. Current regulations allow these topical treatments—containing potent insecticides such as fipronil and imidacloprid—to be bought in any pet store. Once applied, the chemicals disperse into the animal’s fur, enter waterways through washing or swimming, and have been linked to songbird nest failures and massive bee mortality. Water minister Emma Hardy emphasized the government’s commitment to “restore nature and clean up our rivers,” noting that while the products are vital for pet health, their distribution should be limited to professionals who can advise on safe application. Research funded by the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) found that pet owners’ use of these treatments contributes to detectable levels of fipronil and imidacloprid in rivers and lakes. Environment Agency data reveal fipronil residues in 98% of water samples and imidacloprid in 66%, often exceeding toxicity thresholds for aquatic insects. One monthly flea treatment for a large dog contains enough imidacloprid to kill 25 million bees, underscoring the broader impact on pollinator populations. In the UK, fipronil is an ingredient in 66 veterinary products, while imidacloprid appears in 21. Abigail Seager, chief executive of the Veterinary Medicines Directive, acknowledged the dual role of these chemicals in protecting pets and people from parasites, but warned that “they are entering our waterways and may be having wider environmental impacts.” She called for diverse stakeholder input to balance medicine availability with ecological protection. The consultation follows a recent governmental pledge to ban imidacloprid and two other neonicotinoids—clothianidin and thiamethoxam—from agricultural use, reflecting a broader strategy to safeguard biodiversity.

An international conference in Berlin has yielded pledges of over £1 billion to support Sudan, a country devastated by three years of conflict. The funding, which exceeds the initial target of $1 billion (£740 million) set by German ministers, aims to alleviate the world's largest humanitarian crisis.The financial commitments will help address a chronic humanitarian funding shortfall in Sudan, where two-thirds of the population, or 34 million people, require assistance. The crisis has been exacerbated by ongoing conflict between the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and the army.UN Secretary-General António Guterres urged international delegates to take action, highlighting 'credible allegations of the gravest international crimes' and the need for an immediate cessation of hostilities. He emphasized that 'funding alone cannot substitute for peace.'The UK Foreign Secretary, Yvette Cooper, called for a concerted international effort to stop the flow of arms into Sudan, while the US emphasized its commitment to a humanitarian truce that would allow aid to reach those in need.Despite the funding pledges, the prospect of peace remains distant, with scant progress reported on ceasefire talks and neither of Sudan's warring parties attending the conference.