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The Guardian released a new podcast episode titled The AI jailbreakers, where journalist Jamie Bartlett sits down with researcher Annie Kelly to dissect the underground movement that tests the boundaries of today’s most advanced chatbots.Podcast Uncovers the Tactics Behind AI JailbreaksIn the hour‑long conversation, Bartlett and Kelly map out how actors exploit prompts, system messages, and external tools to coax models such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Grok and Claude into producing prohibited content. They highlight three core techniques:Prompt engineering: chaining innocuous queries to bypass safety filters.Context injection: feeding the model with fabricated system instructions that override its guardrails.Tool‑assisted loops: using APIs or browser extensions to automate repeated jailbreak attempts.Scale of Jailbreak Attempts and Model VulnerabilitiesWhile exact numbers are scarce, the hosts cite recent research indicating:Over 10,000 distinct jailbreak prompts have been catalogued across major LLMs in the past year.Success rates vary by model, with open‑source variants showing 30‑40% higher breach rates than proprietary systems.Each successful breach can expose hundreds of megabytes of filtered training data or generate disallowed content at scale.Why Jailbreaks Threaten Trust in Generative AIThe discussion moves beyond technical tricks to the broader societal stakes. Unchecked jailbreaks can:Facilitate the spread of hate speech, extremist propaganda, or illegal instructions.Erode user confidence, prompting regulators to impose stricter compliance regimes.Accelerate an arms race between jailbreakers and AI developers, diverting resources from innovation to defense.Future of AI Safety: Anticipating the Next Wave of Jailbreak DefensesBoth guests agree that the next phase will involve layered defenses:Dynamic safety layers: real‑time monitoring that adapts to emerging jailbreak patterns.Transparency dashboards: public logs of attempted breaches to inform policy and research.Collaborative bounty programs: incentivizing ethical hackers to report vulnerabilities before malicious actors exploit them.As AI systems become more embedded in daily life, understanding the mindset of jailbreakers will be crucial for building resilient, trustworthy models.

Executive Summary: Antisemitism Reaches Critical Levels in BritainThe United Kingdom is confronting a marked increase in antisemitic behaviour, with community groups and law‑enforcement agencies describing the trend as an "epidemic." The spike in reported incidents has ignited debate over the adequacy of current hate‑crime legislation and the need for broader societal interventions.Rising Antisemitic Incidents Prompt National AlarmSince the start of 2024, the UK’s police forces have recorded a 30% rise in antisemitic hate crimes compared with the previous year. High‑profile attacks on synagogues, vandalism of Jewish cemeteries, and online harassment have amplified public concern.2024: 1,527 reported antisemitic incidents (up from 1,174 in 2023).First quarter of 2025: 450 incidents, a 15% increase over the same period in 2024.Geographic hotspots include London, Manchester, and Birmingham, accounting for roughly 65% of all cases.Statistical Snapshot: The Numbers Behind the SurgeData released by the Home Office and the Community Security Trust (CST) highlight several alarming trends:Physical assaults on Jewish individuals rose from 112 in 2023 to 158 in 2024.Online hate targeting Jewish users increased by 42% year‑on‑year, with social‑media platforms reporting over 3,200 abusive posts.Police referrals to the Crown Prosecution Service for antisemitic offences dropped from 78% to 62%, indicating challenges in securing convictions.Broader Implications: Social Cohesion and Policy ResponsesThe escalation threatens community trust and highlights gaps in both preventative education and legal enforcement. Critics argue that existing hate‑crime statutes lack the specificity needed to address modern forms of antisemitism, especially digital abuse. Meanwhile, Jewish organisations call for a national strategy that combines policing, school curricula reforms, and media accountability.Looking Ahead: Potential Paths to MitigationExperts forecast that without decisive action, the upward trajectory may continue. Proposed measures include:Introducing a dedicated antisemitism task force within the Home Office.Expanding mandatory training on religious tolerance for educators and law‑enforcement officers.Strengthening partnerships with tech companies to improve detection and removal of hateful content.Stakeholders stress that a coordinated, multi‑sector response will be essential to reverse the current trend and restore confidence among Britain’s Jewish population.

The Lead IO Interactive's new Bond game, 007 First Light, offers a fresh take on the iconic character, blending elements from various Bond eras. Crafting a New Bond If you want to tell the tale of a young James Bond, you first need to pick which James Bond he's going to grow into. This was the task handed to Hitman developer IO Interactive, the studio taking digital custody of the spy in 007 First Light, Bond's first video game in almost 15 years. The Bond Blueprint The game's Bond, depicted by Patrick Gibson, is an amalgam: the facial scar is an Ian Fleming detail, but the sweet-talking charm is straight from the Pierce Brosnan playbook. Senior combat designer Tom Marcham welcomes any Bond who walks through the door, saying, 'We're truly happy for you to pick whatever [style] you want.' Gameplay and Style The game convincingly moves between playstyles, from a swanky Kensington press conference to gadget-infused stealth and bursts of hand-to-hand combat. The performance works, with Gibson bringing an outsider's unease that's all his own, anchored by the arrogance that'll one day be weaponised by MI6. The Future of Bond 007 First Light is set to be released on PC, PS5, and Xbox on 27 May, and later in summer on Nintendo Switch 2. With its blend of timeless, romantic adventure and a crisp, modern edge, IO Interactive's Bond aims to challenge and excite players.

The Digital Roundabout: Understanding Phone AddictionWake up, 100 messages from group chat overnight about something – what? another assassination attempt; a village destroyed in Lebanon; the football result in England; the weather in Iran being manipulated; the pesticides causing lung and bowel cancer, so everyone who eats salads is now at risk of cancer; meditate for 20 minutes, then fire up x.com, a place I thought I'd never want to revisit, with its carnival barkers and supplement salesman, and have you seen the Lego thing calling Trump a paedo?, you gotta see the Lego thing, and this is before my first coffee, yet x.com is the coffee and the tea, whatever Elon has done to the For You algorithm is evil genius, it's like the global collective id, nasty and funny and addictive and compelling – like gawking at a car crash, like soaking in a hot bubble bath of anger, and memes, and geopolitical dramas, and Trump, Trump, Trump – soaking in Trump, and then, For Me (just as Elon promised).So begins the circuit around my phone, that goes all day and night, around the tiny screen with its icons (when a born-again Christian once told me he had favourite icons, for a long time I thought he meant apps, not pictures of the Virgin Mary). I started to feel like I was in Canberra, on one of those enormous roundabouts, rotating between the icons – not Joseph, not Jesus, but X and WhatsApp and TikTok and even LinkedIn for Christ sakes – round and round from one app to the next, just checking, checking in case something is happening. I watched tiny videos and maybe, occasionally, got distracted by the novel I am meant to be writing, which is due on 31 July. But the novel is boring, just a static Word doc on a screen, it's not giving; it's taking hard work. So I spend six minutes with my novel, and then it's time to go back to my phone, to circle the roundabout visiting all my icons again, like a demented Stations of the Cross, because I can't focus, I just can't focus on work right now when there is so much good scrolling to do …Clearly, this had to stop or I would become deranged and my novel wouldn't get finished by 31 July.But what could break the hold of a phone that seemed more and more addictive every day?The Physical Solution: Brick and Locked DevicesThen, while listening to a Guardian podcast (on my phone) I came across an author talking about a device that locked her phone and gave her her time and attention span back.I had tried apps to lock my phone before, but somehow having them embedded in the phone itself was like placing a piece of fruit in a box of chocolates. Sure you go in there to retrieve the fruit, but you end up distracted by the chocolates. Before you know it, the chocolates have been eaten! The fruit, of course, remains untouched and rotting.I needed an external device to lock my phone. This author was talking about something called Brick ($59US; £54 or $120 AUD including postage), a small plastic puck that you place on your phone which locks its most appealing apps. Hard!The Brick and its cheaper rival Locked ($39USD; £32; $59AUD) use Near Field Communication (NFC) technology to block whatever apps you nominate. To unblock them, you have to physically return to the puck and tap it against your phone. You can set a timer – I set it for one or two hour blocks when I want to focus on my novel – and if you try to unBrick beforehand, it asks you if you want to have a life, or if you want your phone back. That prompt is enough to make me affirm that, yes, I want a life.The Economics of Digital AttentionWhat Brick understands, and what every app-based screen time limit fails to grasp, is that the problem is not information or intention. I already knew I was using my phone too much. The problem is friction, or rather the total absence of it. Digital guardrails collapse the moment you need them most: one tap and you're back on Instagram. Brick makes that tap a physical hurdle.Using the Brick at night has been transformative. The hours I was losing in the roundabout, I now spend reading, thinking and occasionally just sitting in silence.The novel is moving again and I can focus in longer and longer increments.The algorithm doesn't get me after 8pm any more, and it turns out the algorithm, deprived of its evening session, has less purchase on me during the day too.The Psychology of Digital BoundariesBrick hasn't cured my addiction, but it has restored the thing addiction most destroys, which is the moment of pause between impulse and action.These physical devices represent a growing recognition that our relationship with technology requires more than just self-control – it needs environmental design and intentional friction to counteract the sophisticated algorithms designed to capture our attention.As digital products become increasingly sophisticated at capturing and holding our attention, the market for tools that help us reclaim our time and focus is likely to expand beyond simple app blockers to more comprehensive systems of digital wellbeing.The Future of Digital WellbeingLooking ahead, we can expect to see more innovative solutions that address the fundamental design principles of digital products. The success of devices like Brick suggests that consumers are becoming more aware of how their attention is being monetized and are seeking ways to regain control.As awareness of digital addiction grows, we may see regulatory interventions that require technology companies to build more ethical design principles into their products, potentially creating a market for both wellbeing tools and more responsibly designed digital experiences.Ultimately, the journey toward healthier digital habits will likely involve a combination of personal discipline, technological solutions, and systemic changes in how digital products are designed and monetized.

Stabbing in Golders Green Triggers Immediate Police ActionBritish police arrested a 45‑year‑old man after he was seen running with a knife and attempting to stab two Jewish members of the public in the northern London neighbourhood of Golders Green. The Shomrim neighbourhood watch reported the incident on social media, noting that the victims were receiving treatment from Hatzola, a Jewish volunteer ambulance service.Escalating Hate‑Crime Statistics Across North LondonAt least 26 people have been arrested in connection with a series of arson attacks on synagogues and Jewish community sites since the start of the US‑Israel war on Iran (Feb 28).Recent targets include the Kenton United Synagogue in Harrow, a Jewish charity premises, and the Finchley Reform Synagogue.The first March arson set ablaze four Hatzola ambulances.Political Leaders Condemn the ViolencePrime Minister Keir Starmer called the stabbing “deeply concerning” in parliament and urged a clear determination to tackle such offences. London Mayor Sadiq Khan thanked emergency services and volunteers, emphasizing that “there must be absolutely no place for antisemitism in society.”Broader Context: Alleged Iranian‑Linked Group Behind Recent AttacksInvestigations have linked many of the arson incidents to a little‑known organization, Harakat Ashab al‑Yamin al‑Islamiya (HAYI), believed to have ties to Iran. The pattern of attacks underscores a rising tide of antisemitic hostility in the capital.What Comes Next: Security Measures and Community VigilanceAuthorities are working closely with the Community Security Trust, Shomrim, and local volunteers to gather information and prevent further incidents. Experts predict heightened security around Jewish sites, increased police patrols in affected boroughs, and a possible legislative push to strengthen hate‑crime legislation.

The Manchester United Managerial CrossroadsAs the season approaches its conclusion, Manchester United's hierarchy stands at a critical juncture regarding the club's managerial future. Having "given it Carrick 'til the end of the season," the club must soon decide whether to extend Michael Carrick's role from interim to permanent manager. This decision comes amid Sir Jim Ratcliffe's cost-cutting measures and a mixed track record of decisions since taking charge.Carrick's Interim Performance: Mixed BlessingsOn the surface, Michael Carrick has delivered respectable results, winning nine of his 13 matches in charge. His calm demeanor and tactical adjustments have helped transform the squad that Ruben Amorim left behind. Notably, Carrick moved Bruno Fernandes closer to the opposition goal, unlocking the Portuguese playmaker's creative potential, while giving Kobbie Mainoo more prominence in the midfield.However, critics argue that Carrick's improvements have been more about tactical tweaks than revolutionary changes. The team's performance against Brentford, while resulting in a victory, showed vulnerabilities, with both goals coming against the run of play. There are also concerns about United's over-reliance on Fernandes for goals and assists, which could become problematic with the increased number of matches next season following qualification for the Bigger Cup.The Financial and Strategic ImplicationsUnited's decision carries significant financial and strategic weight. With Sir Jim Ratcliffe implementing cost-cutting measures—including closing staff canteens and spending nearly £40m on hiring and firing coaches—the choice of manager must align with the club's broader restructuring plans. Carrick represents a lower-risk, potentially lower-cost option compared to an elite external candidate.The situation is further complicated by Casemiro's impending departure. The Brazilian midfielder's experience has been valuable, but his contract expires in the summer, and his form has been interpreted as that of a player angling for one last big payday. Carrick acknowledged this transition, stating "Players come and go," indicating his awareness of the squad's need for rebuilding.United's Uncertain Future DirectionWhatever decision is made will have profound implications for Manchester United's trajectory. Jamie Carragher believes Carrick will be the manager next season, noting that "the performances of late have not been great but it's not a great Manchester United team." This suggests that Carrick might be seen as a caretaker during a transitional period rather than the long-term solution.The club's recent decision-making history under Ratcliffe raises questions about their ability to make the right choice. From staff layoffs to controversial public statements, the leadership's track record has been inconsistent. This uncertainty casts a shadow over the Carrick decision, with many observers predicting that whatever choice is made will likely be unwise, given the pattern of decisions so far.The Path Forward for Manchester UnitedLooking ahead, Manchester United faces the challenge of balancing immediate stability with long-term vision. If Carrick is appointed permanently, it would signal a preference for continuity and gradual improvement. However, if the club opts for an external candidate, it would indicate a desire for more radical change.Regardless of the decision, the coming season will be crucial for United. With qualification for the Bigger Cup secured, the team will face a more demanding fixture list, testing their depth and quality. The choice of manager will play a pivotal role in how the club navigates these challenges and whether they can return to competing at the highest level of English and European football.

Britain's Silent War: The New Reality of Hybrid Conflict We are at war. Four words that sound ludicrously melodramatic on a sunny spring day, when all may not be exactly right with the world – but when you can still shut your eyes to a lot of it just by switching off the news and cracking on with life. No bombs are falling, no bullets flying, no sirens sounding. Though the idea that Britain is already under a form of hybrid attack is commonplace in defence circles, politicians still mostly skirt around it. The Five Fronts of Modern Hybrid Warfare If war can be considered an assault on five fronts – against a country's political leadership, critical infrastructure, essentials such as food or fuel supplies, civilian population and armed forces – then Britain is arguably now being attacked on the first four without a shot being fired. Think of rampant, Russian-generated political disinformation on social media and attempts to bribe British politicians; of Russian submarine surveillance of the British undersea cables carrying most of our internet traffic, or the four "nationally significant" cyber-attacks recorded every week; of the blockading of food and fuel supplies through the strait of Hormuz. The Shadow War Tactics Think, too, of Keir Starmer's warning in the Sunday Times last week of conflict with Iran coming home to British civilians via "the use of proxies in this country". He didn't elaborate, but counter-terrorism police say they are investigating whether a spate of arson attacks on synagogues, Jewish-owned businesses and Iranians living in Britain may have been sponsored by Tehran – a thugs-for-hire tactic familiar from the Russian playbook for sowing division and hate. The Strategic Defense Review's Warning It's 10 months since the strategic defence review, commissioned by the former Labour defence secretary George Robertson, similarly argued that Britain must urgently equip itself not for the expeditionary foreign wars against non-state actors we're used to fighting alongside the US, but for homeland defence against a well-armed peer country in a sustained conflict. To strip away the jargon: if when you imagine Britain at war, you think of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts, you're out of date. The Political Response Gap Forgotten in the resulting row over how to find more money for defence – to which Bailey's answer, incidentally, is a mix of new instruments for borrowing and reforming procurement – is Robertson's call for a national conversation, levelling with the public about what exactly all this means in practice. After much public prodding, Starmer seems now to be engaging, though arguably too little and too late for the review's frustrated authors. Societal Resilience as Defense Despite seeing the damage that cheap, mass-produced drones can do in Ukraine and across the Gulf, she warned last week, Britain still isn't properly prepared for a drone flying through the window of a strategically important building. Our overstretched NHS may not be able to handle mass casualties – and we lack the stockpiled food supplies or analogue backups to digital systems that would help us ride out a successful cyber-attack or serious act of sabotage. The Path Forward: Two Imperatives for Survival Preparing for this unfamiliar form of attack isn't just about buying tanks and fighter jets, but also about two things that most Labour voters probably expected a Labour government to do anyway: shoring up the public realm to cope in a crisis, and forging a more mutually trusting and tolerant society that is resilient to extremism, where neighbour does not fear neighbour and people willingly help each other in a crisis. The Leadership Challenge Ahead Starmer hasn't found the words to articulate any of that yet – and if May's anticipated local election drubbing is bad enough he may not be here to make the case for much longer. But anyone with ambitions to succeed him must be able to show both that they are capable of leading a country under attack, and of explaining the puzzling nature of that attack without inducing panic to a public heartily sick of being asked to make sacrifices. A war this hard to discern, even when it's supposedly upon you, may not feel yet like much of a threat. But lives may in future depend on seeing clearly into the shadows.

The Lead: Mali in Turmoil After Deadly Attacks Mali is reeling from coordinated attacks that killed Defense Minister Sadio Camara, his wife, two children, and numerous others. The assaults, carried out by Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) and the Azawad Liberation Front (FLA), have exposed the deepening crisis in the West African nation. As explosions continue around Bamako's airport, the FLA has emerged as a significant new force in the conflict, raising questions about the future of Mali's territorial integrity and regional stability. The FLA's Strategic Role in Mali's Escalating Conflict The Azawad Liberation Front (FLA), formed in November 2024, has quickly become a major player in Mali's complex conflict landscape. Led by Alghabass Ag Intalla, the FLA represents the latest iteration of Tuareg separatist movements dating back to the early 1900s. Unlike previous iterations, the FLA has formed an unprecedented tactical alliance with JNIM, an al-Qaeda affiliated group, despite their different ideological objectives. This partnership represents a significant shift in the dynamics of the conflict. While JNIM seeks to establish Islamic law, the FLA is fighting for self-determination in northern Mali. Their common enemy—the Malian government and its Russian allies—has created this unlikely alliance, which has proven effective in recent attacks across northern and northeastern regions including Kidal, Gao, Sevare, Kati, and Bamako. The FLA's involvement in the attacks that killed Defense Minister Camara marks a dramatic escalation. Videos have shown FLA fighters on motorcycles entering cities with little resistance, demonstrating both their growing strength and the vulnerability of Malian security forces. The group now claims control of Kidal, a Tuareg stronghold, and has been seen disarming Malian soldiers there. Historical Roots: From Azawad's Independence Movement to Modern FLA The FLA's emergence cannot be understood without examining the long history of Tuareg aspirations for self-determination in northern Mali. The roots of the independence movement stretch back to the early 1900s, when ethnic Tuaregs began fighting for an independent state after French colonizers departed Mali in 1960. The 2012 Malian civil war marked a turning point, when the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) declared independence on April 6, 2012. However, the rebellion was soon hijacked by Islamist groups like Ansar Dine and al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), which sought to establish strict Islamic law rather than secular independence. The French military intervention in 2013 and subsequent Algiers Accords in 2015 temporarily stabilized the situation, with Mali agreeing to greater autonomy for the north. However, the fragile peace collapsed when Mali's military seized power in 2020 and 2021, leading to the withdrawal of French troops and the arrival of Russian mercenaries from the Wagner Group. The FLA formed in November 2024 from components of past rebel groups, including the MNLA. Its formation came amid escalating violence as Bamako tore up the Algiers Accords in January 2024 and began attacking JNIM and Tuareg positions. The FLA's emergence represents a resurgence of Tuareg separatist ambitions after years of being overshadowed by Islamist groups. Regional Implications: Shifting Alliances and International Involvement The FLA's alliance with JNIM has significant regional implications. Both groups share a common enemy in the Malian government and its Russian allies, but their long-term objectives remain fundamentally different. This creates an unstable partnership that could fracture once the immediate military objectives are achieved. International involvement in the conflict adds further complexity. Several countries have been accused of backing the FLA, though most deny these allegations: Ukraine: A diplomatic scandal emerged after the FLA received "information" to fight Russian forces, leading Mali to cut ties with Kyiv. Algeria: Accused by Mali of sheltering rebels, though Algiers denies these claims. France: Long accused by Bamako of supporting separatist movements. Mauritania: Has taken in 300,000 Malian refugees but denies sheltering rebels. The conflict has also reshaped regional dynamics. Mali, suspended by ECOWAS, has strengthened ties with Russia while alienating traditional Western partners. The Alliance of Sahel States (comprising Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger) has emerged as a new bloc challenging regional and international norms. Future Outlook: Unstable Path Ahead for Mali The FLA's emergence and its alliance with JNIM signal a dangerous new phase in Mali's conflict. The group now controls significant territory in the north, including Kidal, and has demonstrated its ability to coordinate sophisticated attacks on high-value targets. The fate of Mali's military leader, President Assimi Goita, remains unknown since he has not been seen since the attacks began. Several scenarios could unfold in the coming months: The FLA and JNIM could consolidate control over northern Mali, creating a de facto autonomous or independent territory. Internal divisions between secular separatists and Islamists could fracture the alliance, leading to infighting. The Malian government, with Russian support, could launch a counteroffensive to reclaim lost territory. Regional actors like Algeria could mediate a new political settlement, though current tensions make this unlikely. Whatever the outcome, the FLA's emergence represents a significant challenge to Mali's territorial integrity and the stability of the Sahel region. The group's success in recent attacks has demonstrated the limitations of both Malian security forces and international peacekeeping efforts, suggesting that the conflict will likely intensify before any resolution is possible.

The University Strike and Escalating TensionsIslamabad, Pakistan – Afghanistan's Taliban authorities say Pakistani mortars and missiles struck a university and residential neighborhoods in the eastern province of Kunar on Monday, killing at least seven people and wounding more than 80. Taliban deputy spokesperson Hamdullah Fitrat called the attacks 'unforgivable war crimes' against civilians and academic institutions, while Pakistan's Ministry of Information and Broadcasting rejected the account as a 'blatant lie.'Afghanistan's Ministry of Higher Education reported that about 30 students and professors were among the wounded, with Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani University sustaining extensive damage. The competing claims over the attack have now raised fears that the already fragile ceasefire between the two countries might completely collapse.The Fragile Peace Process in UrumqiThe heightened tensions follow days after peace talks held in the Chinese city of Urumqi between the two sides that Afghan Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi described as 'positive.' The talks, hosted by China in early April, brought delegations from both sides together for the first time since the conflict's most intense phase in February and March, when Pakistan struck Kabul multiple times and declared it was in 'open war' with Afghanistan.However, the engagement was thin from the start, with delegations at the diplomatic level and no political contact throughout. Pakistan maintained a firm position, demanding action in writing. 'Until Afghanistan puts something in writing, no verbal commitment will be trusted,' said Mehmood Jan Babar, a Peshawar-based political and security analyst.The Limits of Regional MediationThis is not the first time a diplomatic opening has quickly unraveled. A ceasefire mediated by Qatar and Turkiye in October 2025 was followed by continued low-level clashes. A temporary Eid ceasefire in March was almost immediately disputed, with the Taliban alleging Pakistan carried out dozens of mortar strikes while the truce was still in effect.The most contentious episode came on March 16, when a Pakistani air strike destroyed the Omar Hospital in Kabul, a 2,000-bed addiction treatment facility. Afghan officials put the death toll at more than 400, while the United Nations recorded 143. Pakistan insisted that its target was not the hospital, but nearby military installations and an ammunition depot.The Core TTP DisputeAt the heart of the conflict is a dispute that predates the current fighting. Pakistan accuses the Afghan Taliban of providing sanctuary to the Pakistan Taliban, known by the acronym TTP, which has carried out attacks across Pakistani provinces. Afghanistan rejects accusations that it is sheltering or aiding the TTP and other anti-Pakistan groups.'The Taliban have not accepted Pakistan's main demand in the way Islamabad wants,' said Tameem Bahiss, a Kabul-based security analyst. 'They may be unwilling because of ideological or historical links, or unable because acting against the TTP could create internal divisions. Whatever the reason, the outcome is the same: Pakistan's demands remain unmet.'The Path Forward Without TrustChina's role as host of the Urumqi talks carries significant weight, as Beijing is Pakistan's largest trading partner and has infrastructure investments in both countries. However, analysts note that no agreement is possible without a written guarantee and a guarantor to enforce it.'Pakistan does not want to enter into any agreement that brings it no tangible benefit,' said Babar. 'Until a written commitment comes, nothing else moves.' Afghanistan has its own demands, including keeping borders open, allowing trade, and accommodating Afghan refugees. 'Without a credible verification mechanism, any agreement will remain fragile and may collapse as soon as the next attack or accusation takes place,' warned Bahiss.