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In a striking reversal of a century‑old judgment, researchers have confirmed that the red bands on the walls of Bacon Hole in South Gower are not mineral stains but the United Kingdom’s oldest known Palaeolithic cave paintings. 1912: The Guardian reports the discovery of red pigment bands in Bacon Hole. 1928: The same outlet declares the markings a natural phenomenon. 2026: Uranium‑thorium analysis dates the pigments to 17,100 years ago, redefining British prehistory. The Rediscovery of Bacon Hole’s Red Streaks as Palaeolithic Art Original investigators William Sollas and Henri Breuil argued in 1912 that the horizontal red lines represented intentional art. Their interpretation was dismissed in 1928 after the newspaper cited mineral seepage as the cause. The new study, led by Dr George Nash of the University of Liverpool and Coimbra University, re‑examined the panels with modern archaeometric techniques. Uranium‑Thorium Dating Confirms 17,100‑Year‑Old Paintings Using uranium‑thorium dating on the pigment’s calcite matrix, the team obtained a calibrated age of 17,100 years before present. Chemical analysis identified a mixture of calcite and clay, applied with finger strokes, confirming deliberate human agency. Implications for Understanding Upper Palaeolithic Wales The findings place Wales at the forefront of Upper Palaeolithic activity in north‑western Europe, suggesting that hunter‑fisher‑gatherer groups exploited the periglacial landscape of the emerging Bristol Channel shoreline. The research also aligns with earlier discoveries such as the Cathole Cave paintings dated between 14,500 and 12,500 years ago. Future Research and Conservation Prospects The cave, managed by the National Trust of Wales, is slated for official announcement and potential scheduling as a protected monument. Ongoing collaboration among the universities of Southampton, Swansea, and international partners aims to map additional sites along the Gower coast and refine the chronology of early human occupation.