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NASA's sonifications have made it possible for us to experience the cosmos in a new way, transforming electromagnetic energy into sound waves that our ears can pick up. This innovative approach has allowed us to 'hear' the orbits and energies of celestial bodies like Jupiter, Saturn, and the Sun. The Artemis II mission, which recently slingshotted four astronauts around the moon and back, has provided a unique opportunity for us to connect with the astronauts on board. The mundane details of the mission, such as the wake-up music that NASA pipes into their module every orbital morning, have given us a glimpse into the daily lives of these space travelers. In the 1960s, the Apollo 10 mission encountered mysterious sounds while on the far side of the moon. The astronauts reported hearing a high whistling sound accompanied by a lower whooshing noise. Initially, this sparked speculation, but it was later discovered that the sounds were caused by interference between two VHF radio transmitters on board the spacecraft. NASA's sonifications are not just limited to the sounds of spacecraft. The agency has also created sonifications of cosmic phenomena like black holes and supernovae. These sonifications have allowed scientists to better understand the behavior of these phenomena and have also inspired artistic works. The article also touches on the connection between music and the universe. Samantha Harvey's novel Orbital describes the sounds of celestial bodies, such as Neptune's sound being 'liquid and rushing, a tide crashing onto a shore in a howling storm.' The article also mentions the 'music of the spheres', a concept that dates back to ancient Greece, which suggests that the universe is governed by musical ratios. Overall, NASA's sonifications have opened up new ways for us to experience and understand the cosmos, and have inspired a new generation of artists and scientists to explore the intersection of music and space exploration.

The quest to find Australia's oldest playable musical instrument has led to the discovery of several remarkable pieces. A 16th-century double bass crafted by Gasparo da Salò, a renowned luthier, has been found to be one of the oldest playable instruments in the country. Currently on loan to Max Bibeau, principal double bass for the Australian Chamber Orchestra (ACO), this instrument was made around 1580 in Brescia, Italy. Only a handful of such instruments exist globally, and Bibeau's relationship with the double bass was not immediate. He notes that it took considerable time and effort to 'wake it up' and make it playable again. The instrument had been stored in an abbey in northern Italy for centuries before being discovered by German bass player Prof Günter Klaus in the late 1960s. Culturally, the yidaki (didgeridoo), a sacred instrument to the Yolŋgu people, is likely Australia's oldest instrument, with a history spanning thousands of years. For an exhibition in 2017, curators at the South Australian Museum worked with Yolŋgu community members to restore a selection of the oldest and most unique yidaki to playing condition. The oldest restored yidaki was made around 1890. Another contender for the oldest instrument is a piano from the First Fleet, a 'square' piano made by Frederick Beck in 1780. This instrument, now housed at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts, has a softer and smaller sound compared to modern pianos. The oldest instrument found in Australia is an ocarina from Colombia, estimated to have been made around AD 1200. This ancient vessel flute is part of a collection of 830 musical instruments donated to the Queensland Museum. While it can produce a sound, its original sound and playability are uncertain due to its fragility and age. The wood used for the front of Bibeau's da Salò bass has been dated to a tree growing as early as 1266. According to Bibeau, age can enhance an instrument's sound, but it requires careful preservation and play to maintain its quality. He notes that 'instruments need to be played' and that 'the more it vibrates, the better it vibrates.'

As the northern hemisphere welcomes spring, the constellation of Boötes, the herdsman, is rising to prominence in the eastern sky after dusk. This celestial display is a treat for stargazers, with the constellation's brightest star, Arcturus, shining brightly.A chart showing the view looking east from London at 21:00 BST on 6 April illustrates the optimal viewing conditions. By this time, the darkness is complete, and Arcturus, the fourth-brightest star in the night sky, is easily visible.To locate Boötes, start with the familiar shape of the Plough and follow the curve of its handle downwards in an arc until you reach the orange glow of Arcturus. This method makes it easy to find the constellation in the night sky.Boötes is one of the original 48 constellations defined by Ptolemy in the second century. However, its origins date back thousands of years to ancient Babylon, where it was associated with the god Enlil. In Greek tradition, Boötes is often identified as a herdsman or ploughman, with various mythic tales surrounding his role as a protector of rural life.During this time of year in the northern hemisphere, Boötes rises during twilight and becomes well-placed for observation by late evening. Conversely, from the southern hemisphere, Boötes appears low in the northern sky.

Taybeh, a small hilltop town in the heart of the West Bank, is one of the oldest Christian communities in the world. After increasing attacks from Israeli settlers it now feels itself under siege and is fighting for its very existence.The town’s ancient Greek name was Ephraim where, according to the gospels, Jesus hid with his disciples from the Jewish religious hierarchy, the Sanhedrin, before making his final fateful trip to Jerusalem.A church was built here in the fifth century, and the entirely Christian community survived the crusaders, conquest by Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub or Saladin, the Ottoman empire, the British empire, and three Arab-Israeli wars, but its inhabitants say its long-term future is in question.There are four substantial Israeli settlements around Taybeh, and countless unofficial outposts have also sprung up on the steep hills overlooking the Jordan valley. They have been set up by messianic Jews who send their young people, the “hilltop youth”, to harass and intimidate local Palestinians in the surrounding countryside.The relentless land grabs and intimidation is a pattern repeated up and down the West Bank in a campaign the UN has called ethnic cleansing, which has been driven by hardline members of the ruling coalition, the finance minister, Bezalel Smotrich, and the national security minister, Itamar Ben-Gvir.“First they kicked the Bedouin out in the last three years and put up their caravans and bring their cows and sheep. They are using the land without any permission from the owners and from ourselves,” said Fr. Bashar Fawadleh, the parish priest of Christ the Redeemer church.Over the past year, the pressure has been turned up further. In July last year, settlers set fire to the grounds of the fifth–century Byzantine church, St Peter’s. Since then, bands of hilltop youth have raided the town four times, setting fire to cars, slashing tires and smashing windows.The church, part of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, supports small business ventures to provide jobs and builds affordable housing, but the community is still haemorrhaging. Fifteen families have left in the past two years, leaving the current population at about 1,100.After the attack on St Peter’s church in July, the US ambassador, Mike Huckabee, visited the town to condemn what he called “an act of terror” and to appeal for prosecutions.No prosecutions have been reported, and Huckabee has not spoken out over any of the subsequent attacks on Taybeh. A Southern Baptist minister, the ambassador is a fervent supporter of Israel’s territorial claims to the West Bank and beyond, which he argues are divinely ordained.In the West Bank however, the Christian population has shrunk from 5% of the total population in 1967 to roughly 1% today, about 45,000 people.The fierce religious nationalism that the Israeli government has cultivated in recent years has largely been directed at Palestinian Muslims but there has been a rising tide of anti-Christian incidents.Jad Isaac, the director general of the Applied Research Institute-Jerusalem, which tracks the Israeli takeover of land and resources on the West Bank, said: “When Netanyahu says we are the only country which is taking care of the Christians, he’s a liar. He said that in Palestinian Christian communities in the West Bank “the strategy is to make life intolerable”.

The Guardian’s investigation has revealed that the company responsible for the unauthorised partial felling of a 500‑year‑old oak in Whitewebbs Park, Enfield, was Ground Control, a maintenance business that reports a turnover of £190 million. The tree was cut down in September 2025 on behalf of Mitchells & Butler Retail (MBR), the owner of the Toby Carvery restaurant chain. MBR initially defended the action, claiming its contractor warned that the oak was diseased and posed a safety risk. However, a coalition of experts – including a Forest Commission investigator and ancient‑tree specialist Russell Miller – found the tree to be healthy with no imminent danger. Miller described the alleged “hazard” as an old, semi‑occluded wound that did not justify felling the entire tree. According to Dr. Ed Pyne of the Woodland Trust, the delay in identifying the contractor highlights a broader lack of transparency: "What evidence exists that the tree was dangerous? What qualifications did the operatives have?" He added that the justification for the removal remains unsubstantiated. Ground Control’s own documentation shows the work was assigned to its grounds‑maintenance team rather than its specialist arborists, a detail that fuels further criticism of MBR’s decision‑making process. Sources close to the firm say an internal review was conducted by a contracts manager, not a tree expert. Enfield Council, which owns the park, has launched legal action to evict Toby Carvery after MBR refused to apologise or offer compensation. The council also referred the incident to the police, but officers declined to investigate, deeming it a civil matter. Complicating the dispute, MBR is majority‑owned by investment group Enic, which holds strong financial ties to Tottenham Hotspur. The football club plans to develop a women’s training academy on 17 hectares adjacent to the park, a proposal opposed by the local campaign group Guardians of Whitewebbs. The group has secured a judicial review of the planning permission, set for June. In a statement last April, MBR asserted that its “specialist arboriculture contractors” deemed the split and dead wood a serious health‑and‑safety risk. A Toby Carvery spokesperson declined further comment, citing ongoing legal proceedings. The revelation of Ground Control’s involvement adds a new layer to the controversy, raising questions about corporate responsibility, environmental stewardship, and the adequacy of legal protections for historic trees in urban green spaces.

India has initiated the world's largest national population count, a yearlong process involving over three million officials. This census, delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, commenced on Wednesday and is set to conclude by March 31 next year. The data collected will be crucial in reshaping welfare programs and political representation across the country.Census workers will spend about a month collecting information from homes, documenting housing stock and living conditions. Information will be gathered through in-person surveys and online, allowing residents to use a smartphone application.A second phase of the counting will begin in September, during which more detailed information on people's social and economic characteristics, including religion and caste, will be surveyed. The caste system, an ancient social hierarchy in India, has been a contentious issue, with successive governments resisting a full caste count due to potential social tensions.The population data collected will underpin the distribution of government welfare programs and inform public policies. It may also lead to a redrawing of India's political map, with potential increases in seats in the lower house of parliament and state legislatures to reflect population growth. A 2023 law reserves one-third of legislative seats for women, so any expansion would raise the number of seats set aside for female representatives.The last detailed caste information was gathered in 1931 during British colonial rule. Since India's first census in 1951, only Dalits and Adivasis, members of marginalized groups, have been counted. The previous census in 2011 recorded a population of 1.21 billion, which has now grown to over 1.4 billion, making India the world's most populous nation, surpassing China in 2023.

Tamerlano, a 1724 opera by Handel, has been reimagined in a modern production at the London Handel Festival. The story revolves around the despotic emperor Tamerlano, who has brought the stubborn Bajazet to his court in chains. Tamerlano's infatuation with Bajazet's daughter Asteria leads him to offer his betrothed, Irene, to the Greek prince Andronico. However, both Bajazet and Andronico threaten to end it all, while Asteria plots to assassinate Tamerlano.In an attempt to make the opera more accessible, director Orpha Phelan has aligned each character with a recognizable famous figure. Tamerlano is reimagined as Donald Trump, Andronico as Alexander the Great, and Irene as Elizabeth Bennet or a Bridgerton escapee. The production is billed as 'Social Experiment 2', manipulated by Andronico's friend Leone, played as Sigmund Freud.Despite the modern twist, the opera's musical standards are high, led by Laurence Cummings and the excellent Academy of Ancient Music. The cast, including Benjamin Hulett as Bajazet, Nardus Williams as Asteria, and Kitty Whately as Irene, copes admirably with Phelan's concept. However, James Laing's portrayal of Tamerlano is somewhat overwhelmed by excessive fidgety business, including eating Big Macs and doing the Trump dance.The production runs at Shoreditch Town Hall, London, until 28 March. Despite some reservations, the opera's vital element of danger is somewhat lost in the buffoonery. Nevertheless, it remains a fine cast and a resourceful set by Madeleine Boyd.

The relationship between dogs and humans has long been a subject of fascination, and recent groundbreaking research has shed new light on the origins of this enduring bond. Published in the journal Nature, the study reveals that the genetic evidence for domestic dogs dates back an astonishing 15,000 years, a full 5,000 years earlier than previously thought.Ancient DNA analysis of dog remains has provided unprecedented insight into the early days of dog domestication. The oldest specimen, a 15,800-year-old dog buried alongside human remains in Anatolia, Turkey, and a 14,300-year-old jawbone from Gough's Cave in Somerset, England, are key findings that have helped researchers reevaluate the timeline of dog domestication.According to Dr. Lachie Scarsbrook of Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, the study suggests that dogs with diverse ancestries already existed across Eurasia 15,000 years ago, from Somerset to Siberia. This raises the possibility that domestication occurred during the last ice age, more than 10,000 years before the emergence of other domestic plants and animals.The research, conducted by international teams, analyzed DNA from bones at various sites, including Gough's Cave, Pınarbaşı in Turkey, and two sites in Serbia. Advanced sequencing techniques allowed researchers to piece together tiny fragments of ancient DNA, enabling clear species identification for the first time.Key findings include:Dogs were widespread across Europe and western Asia by at least 14,000 years ago.Isotopic analysis revealed dogs consumed a diet rich in fish, matching the local human diet in Turkey.Evidence of deep emotional bonds between humans and dogs, including the burial of puppies over human remains.The study's authors suggest that dogs may have increased hunting efficiency or served as an early warning system against predators. The genetic relationship between dogs across sites implies that they may have spread rapidly across Europe, possibly through trade between unrelated groups.As Prof. Laurent Frantz notes, the fact that people exchanged dogs so early suggests these animals must have been important, serving purposes beyond being pets. The research provides a fascinating glimpse into the ancient partnership between humans and dogs, highlighting the significance of this bond in human history.

In 1926, Cornwall's moors experienced a significant spell of dry weather, leading to gorse fires that blazed day and night. The fires, used to improve grazing and hunting conditions, had a profound impact on the local ecosystem.Driving through Cornish lanes at nightfall, the windscreen appeared segmented, with the lower part reflecting the road and headlights, while the upper segment was filled with night. The sides were crowded with gorse bushes, which glowed in silhouette as the headlights passed over them. The gorse, described as 'creeping hedgehogs' or 'huge mounds,' was particularly vibrant, with some bushes appearing as discs of solid yellow against the obscure blue background.The fires, although a lovely yet fearsome sight, came at a cost to the local wildlife. Many stonechats, whinchats, and yellow-hammers had to seek new nesting places, while anemones just beginning to open were scorched to death. The fires transformed the ancient growth into flames and black ashes in mere minutes.The spectacle of the gorse fires was breathtaking, presenting as a pillar of smoke across the sea, a rosy scarlet glare behind the skyline, or a windswept sea of flames. This event highlighted the delicate balance between land management practices and the preservation of natural beauty and wildlife in Cornwall.