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The conflict between Iran, the US, and Israel has taken a severe turn with a series of coordinated attacks on Iranian universities and infrastructure. A research center at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran was recently bombed, leaving it in ruins. This attack is part of a larger pattern of civilian sites being targeted by the US and Israel. Over 30 universities have been impacted since the start of the war on February 28, according to Hossein Simaei Saraf, the Iranian minister of science, research, and technology. The attacks have not only damaged educational facilities but also research centers, including those working on domestically made satellites and infectious diseases. The Pasteur Institute in Tehran, a renowned center for vaccine development and biological products, was also attacked, sustaining significant damage and disrupting health services. The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed the damage and noted that no casualties were reported. In addition to educational and healthcare facilities, over 20 healthcare facilities have been targeted since March 1, according to WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. The attacks have also affected schools, houses, and businesses, resulting in over 2,000 deaths and widespread destruction. The economic sector has not been spared, with petrochemical and steel factories being destroyed in recent bombardments. The US and Israel have also targeted critical infrastructure, including power plants and water desalination plants, which are civilian targets protected under international law. The Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) have vowed to retaliate and escalate attacks across the region. The situation has drawn international condemnation, with over 100 US legal experts expressing concerns about potential war crimes and violations of international humanitarian law.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has issued a stern warning against the ongoing US-Israeli attacks on Iranian healthcare facilities, amid the escalating conflict. The organisation's chief, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, reported that over 20 attacks on healthcare facilities in Iran have been verified since March 1, resulting in at least nine deaths, including an infectious diseases health worker and a member of the Iranian Red Crescent Society.The Pasteur Institute in Tehran, one of the oldest research and health facilities in the country, has sustained significant damage and was rendered unable to continue delivering health services. Iranian Ministry of Health spokesperson Hossein Kermanpour shared images of the heavily damaged building on social media, with parts of the facility reduced to rubble.Despite the attacks, Iran's ISNA news agency reported that the services of the Pasteur Institute have not been interrupted, and vaccine and serum production would continue. The WHO chief emphasised that the Institute plays a crucial role in protecting and promoting population health, particularly in emergencies.The attacks have not been limited to the Pasteur Institute. The WHO has reported damage to other healthcare facilities, including the Delaram Sina Psychiatric Hospital and the Tofigh Daru pharmaceutical facility, with no casualties reported. An explosion near the Imam Ali Hospital in Khuzestan province led to the facility's evacuation and cessation of services.Tedros stressed that humanitarian workers, ambulances, relief supplies, and humanitarian facilities must be respected and protected under international law. The Geneva Conventions, agreed upon after World War II, designate healthcare facilities as protected locations.The Iranian Red Crescent Society reported that a warehouse belonging to the organisation was targeted, destroying two-wheeled relief containers and two buses and relief vehicles. According to the organisation, 307 health, medical, and emergency care facilities have been damaged in the war.

The conflict between the US and Israel against Iran has taken a devastating toll on the country's healthcare system. At least 2,076 people have been killed and 26,500 wounded in Iran since the US and Israel first launched strikes on the country on February 28.Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian has strongly condemned the attacks, appealing to international health organizations to respond to the crisis. On Thursday, he wrote on X: “What message does attacking hospitals, pharmaceutical companies and the Pasteur Institute as a medical research center in Iran convey?”The Pasteur Institute, a key center for medical research and vaccine production in Tehran, has been targeted. The institute, founded over 100 years ago in collaboration with the Institut Pasteur in Paris, conducts research on infectious diseases, produces vaccines, and provides advanced diagnostics.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 20 attacks on healthcare facilities in Iran have been verified since March 1, resulting in at least nine deaths, including an infectious diseases health worker and a member of the Iranian Red Crescent Society.Some of the facilities hit include:Red Crescent warehouse in Bushehr province, which was destroyed by a drone strike on Friday morning.Tofigh Daru Research and Engineering Company, one of Iran’s largest pharmaceutical companies, which was hit on March 31.Delaram Sina Psychiatric Hospital in Tehran, which was significantly damaged on March 29.Ali Hospital in Andimeshk, which sustained damage from an explosion on March 21.Gandhi Hospital in Tehran, which was damaged during attacks on a nearby television communications tower on March 2.International humanitarian law states that health establishments and units, including hospitals, should not be attacked. The United Nations Security Council resolution 2286 was adopted unanimously in 2016, condemning attacks on healthcare and calling on nations to respect international law.The attacks on healthcare facilities are not limited to Iran. Israel has also targeted healthcare facilities in Lebanon and Gaza, resulting in significant damage and loss of life.

Robert F Kennedy Jr, the US health secretary, has unveiled a chaotic and unpredictable agenda for public health policy under his 'Make America Healthy Again' (Maha) initiative. His approach tends to favor personal choice and autonomy over large-scale, mandatory public health interventions, such as childhood vaccine requirements.The Maha agenda has raised concerns over the potential risks associated with injectable peptide drugs. Mr. Kennedy plans to open up the sale of 'about 14' of these drugs to the public, despite the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) restricting 17 peptides in 2023 due to 'potential significant safety risks'. None of these peptides have been proven to be safe or effective for human use.The peptides in question are often promoted for biological enhancement, such as increasing muscle mass or cognitive benefits, but the evidence for these effects in humans is thin. Reports of people self-administering peptide therapies, usually bought from China 'for research use only', are widespread, particularly in Silicon Valley.The Maha project wants to make the grey market the only market, effectively sanctioning mass public use of unproven treatments. Peptides are clearly drugs and shouldn’t be allowed for widespread use without rigorous clinical trials. Opening loopholes for sale would undermine the precautionary principle that has successfully led public health policy for generations.It is also worth noting that other governments are unlikely to be as cavalier as Mr. Kennedy about peptides. However, people everywhere will continue to call for more personal choice and more bodily autonomy, and those conversations are important. The case for safety, proof, and regulation must be made to ensure that public health policy prioritizes the well-being of individuals.

The recent meningitis outbreak in Kent has tragically claimed the lives of two young people, with 18 confirmed cases and 11 others being investigated. The outbreak, which has affected four schools and two universities in the Canterbury area, has disrupted thousands of lives and understandably instilled fear among many.The public health response, including contact-tracing, treatment with preventive antibiotics, and localized vaccinations, appears to have been effective in limiting the spread of the disease. The NHS has administered about 2,500 vaccines and issued almost 10,000 precautionary doses of antibiotics.The meningitis B (MenB) strain of bacteria behind this outbreak has caused septicaemia and infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Despite scientists not fully understanding what causes meningococcal bacteria to become invasive, the public health system has been able to manage the situation.The incident serves as a reminder of the importance of maintaining effective public health systems and the need for evidence-driven decision-making in responding to outbreaks. The UK's success in tackling infectious diseases, including a dramatic reduction in meningococcal disease deaths, is a testament to the effectiveness of prevention, vaccination, and improved treatment.As the risk of future pandemics remains, it is crucial that politicians and the public are reminded of the vital role of public health systems in preventing and managing outbreaks. The abolition of NHS England and its impact on the existing structure overseeing infection prevention and control will require careful consideration.

The Kent meningitis outbreak may have reached its peak after only two new cases were reported on Friday. The UK Health and Security Agency (UKHSA) confirmed 18 cases and 11 probable cases, bringing the total to 29.Of the confirmed cases, 13 were meningitis B. The growth in cases may have slowed, but the situation remains serious, with all cases requiring hospital admission. As of 5 pm on Thursday, 2,360 vaccinations had been given and 9,840 doses of antibiotics handed out.Prof Robin May, the chief scientific officer of the UKHSA, said experts are working to understand if the meningitis B bug has become more transmissible. Initial genetic analysis suggests the Bexsero vaccine should provide protection against the type of MenB in this outbreak.The family of a teenager who died from the disease described their immeasurable loss. Juliette Kenny died on March 14, one day after developing symptoms. Her family is now campaigning for teenagers and young people to be routinely given access to the meningitis B vaccination.Experts believe that with an incubation period of up to 10 days, the peak from the initial super-spreading event will have already passed. However, secondary cases among people who did not attend the nightclub but caught it from someone who did are still possible.