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Uncovering the Trauma of Mozambique's Civil War Lasting from 1977 to 1992, the Mozambique civil war left deep scars on the psyche of the whole nation. In his second feature, Inadelso Cossa attempts to grapple with the psychological wreckage of this harrowing period by combing through his own family history; returning to the village where he grew up, the film-maker conducts a series of interviews with his grandmother, whose testimony is rendered unreliable by her worsening dementia. The Blurred Lines Between Reality and Memory The film wavers between real and imagined truths, a liminal state echoed by the evocative cinematography. Nocturnal sequences, in which wooden sheds, grassy fields, and even Cossa’s grandmother, are wrapped in a cloak of darkness inspire a deceptive sense of calm. In the dead of night, though, the spectres of the past linger. Voices of the Past Cossa also speaks to other historical witnesses: Macuacua and Zalina, an older couple, spend much of their screen time bickering but these domestic moments are underlined with unease. A former soldier, Macuacua was once a participant in the violence against civilians but his life now, however, is marred by poverty. In a striking scene, Macuacua holds up a tree branch shaped like a rifle and reenacts a patrol route from his youth with astonishing matter-of-factness. A New Perspective on History For Cossa, history is distilled in these kinds of gestures, moving beyond linear time. Although the film is bookended by archival footage, the director prioritises non-traditional forms of documentation, such as monologues, songs, and reenactments. While this approach embodies the slipperiness of memory, it also renders the film difficult to follow on occasion. The Film's Impact But across these streams of oral history, what we find are not merely facts and figures, but feelings, in which pain and healing entwine. Where to Watch The Nights Still Smell of Gunpowder is on True Story from 1 May.

The Global Monetary StanceThe world's most powerful central banks are poised to hold borrowing costs unchanged this week amid growing concerns over the unfolding inflation shock from the Iran war. In a critical week for the global economy, each of the central banks in the G7 are expected to issue warnings over the risks from the Middle East war driving up prices for households and businesses.Financial markets are braced for signals from the central banks of the US, Canada, Japan, Britain and the eurozone on the prospects for interest rates amid concerns that a prolonged conflict could force them to keep borrowing costs higher for longer.The Inflationary Pressure Analysis"Another week of no fighting, no deal and no energy flows, another week that pressure on inflation and supply chains continues to build," said Wei Yao, an analyst at the French bank Société Générale. "We will probably see all the major central banks sticking to the strategy of 'keep calm but stay vigilant'. Communications will be the focus."The Iran conflict is creating significant inflationary pressures across multiple economies. With energy supplies potentially disrupted and commodity prices rising, central bankers face the delicate balance between controlling inflation and supporting economic growth. The uncertainty surrounding the conflict's duration makes monetary policy decisions particularly challenging.The Federal Reserve's Final Meeting Under PowellIn what is expected to be Federal Reserve chair Jerome Powell's final meeting in charge, the US central bank is widely expected to keep borrowing costs unchanged on Wednesday as the Middle East war stokes inflationary pressures in the world's largest economy.Financial markets are also pricing in an almost 100% chance of the Bank of England, European Central Bank, Bank of Japan and Bank of Canada holding rates. City traders give an outside probability of the UK central bank raising borrowing costs by a quarter-point. Last month the Bank kept rates on hold at 3.75%.The Regional Policy ResponsesSusannah Streeter, chief investment strategist at Wealth Club, said officials at Threadneedle Street were set to be "super wary."She said: "While price pressures are clearly mounting, the economy is set to struggle and that could limit the chances of inflation becoming embedded. So, while they are likely to indicate that a fresh hike could be ahead, there are unlikely to be any kneejerk moves, until there's more clarity about the length of the Iran conflict."It comes as Rachel Reeves, the UK chancellor, prepares to give speeches in May and June to outline the government's approach to emergency energy support as the Iran war has driven up costs for households and businesses.The Economic OutlookWith Keir Starmer's government under pressure after the revelations over the appointment of Peter Mandelson as Britain's ambassador to the US, the Financial Times reported that the chancellor would restate Labour's commitment to economic growth and sound government finances.Labour faces a tough round of local elections next week, amid speculation that Starmer's critics within the party could move to replace him. The political uncertainty adds another layer of complexity to the economic decision-making process as central banks navigate the inflationary pressures while governments face their own political challenges.

The Lead Believers in the paranormal often attribute unsettling sensations in old buildings to spirits, but new research from MacEwan University suggests a more grounded explanation: infrasound. This inaudible sound phenomenon, generated by aging infrastructure like pipes and boilers, may be the physiological trigger behind feelings of dread and irritation, effectively providing the 'bodily discomfort' that fuels ghostly suspicions. The Inaudible Threat: Infrasound and the Boiler Effect The study focuses on infrasound, sound waves that fall below the 20Hz threshold of human hearing. While the human ear cannot detect these frequencies, the body can. Prof. Rodney Schmaltz and his team investigated whether these low-frequency vibrations, commonly found in the basements of old houses, could impact human mood and stress levels. Source Identification: The primary sources of infrasound identified are old pipes, boilers, and ventilation systems. Frequency Range: The waves operate below 20Hz, making them completely inaudible to the human ear. Location: These vibrations are most prevalent in older buildings where infrastructure is aging. Physiological Data: Stress Hormones and Irritability In a controlled experiment involving 36 volunteers, researchers played calming or unsettling music while simultaneously emitting infrasound through hidden subwoofers. The results revealed a distinct physiological shift despite the participants being unaware of the sound's presence. Stress Response: Participants exhibited higher levels of cortisol (the stress hormone) in their saliva. Mood Shift: Volunteers rated the music as sadder and reported feeling more irritated and annoyed. Blindness to Source: Crucially, participants could not identify when the infrasound was active, proving the effect is subconscious. The Psychology of Belief: Priming the Paranormal The research highlights the concept of 'priming,' where a pre-existing belief influences how a person interprets a sensation. For someone already inclined to believe in ghosts, the physical discomfort caused by infrasound provides a tangible explanation for their unease. The Skeptic's View: A non-believer would likely attribute the feeling to a 'stuffy, uncomfortable old building.' The Believer's View: For someone primed to expect a haunting, the same irritation is interpreted as proof of a spirit or presence. Attachment Theory: Infrasound supplies the physical discomfort, allowing a 'ghost or haunting explanation' to attach itself to the experience. Future Outlook and Scientific Validation While the findings are promising, experts like Chris French note that larger studies are required to fully confirm the scope of this effect. While infrasound may explain vague discomfort and 'vague haunting' phenomena, it is unlikely to account for more intense poltergeist activity or visual hallucinations, which require more substantial evidence.

The Weekend's Tactical LandscapeThe FA Cup semi-finals delivered a mix of tactical pragmatism and psychological warfare, setting the stage for a dramatic end to the season. Chelsea's victory over Leeds United showcased the importance of defensive resilience and opportunistic finishing, while Manchester City's comfortable win over Southampton allowed Pep Guardiola to experiment with squad rotation. However, the most significant narrative thread running through the weekend was the intense psychological pressure on Arsenal, whose manager Mikel Arteta publicly questioned refereeing decisions, highlighting the high stakes of the title race.Chelsea's Resilience: Sánchez's Long Ball and Aaronson's Missed MomentChelsea's 1-0 win over Leeds was defined by a single, pivotal moment. Quarter of an hour in, Brenden Aaronson had a golden opportunity to put Leeds ahead, but Robert Sánchez made a crucial save with his foot. This moment proved decisive, as the game settled into a pattern where Chelsea's defense, bolstered by a direct approach instilled by interim boss Calum McFarlane, held firm.The Goal: João Pedro outmuscled Pascal Struijk to feed Pedro Neto, whose cross was headed home by Enzo Fernández.The Tactical Shift: Sánchez's long ball to João Pedro shifted the momentum, proving that a direct approach can dismantle a high-pressing Leeds side.The Missed Chance: Aaronson's failure to capitalize on a 1v1 with Sánchez ultimately haunted Leeds, illustrating how one moment can define a knockout tie.Guardiola's 'Quality Time' Philosophy: A Strategic BreatherIn contrast to Arteta's visible anxiety, Pep Guardiola cut a relaxed figure after Manchester City's 2-1 win over Southampton. Guardiola’s decision to grant his players 'quality time'—allowing them to travel abroad and rest before returning for a six-game push for history—signals a shift in his management style during the final stretch of the season.Strategic Rest: Guardiola believes that a day off leads to better performance, a philosophy he has refined over his time in England.Psychological Advantage: By appearing calm and detached, Guardiola is projecting an air of inevitability that could unsettle rivals like Arsenal.Focus on the Prize: With a Champions League semi-final looming, the 'quality time' strategy ensures City's squad is fresh for a treble charge.Arsenal's Title Anxiety: The Pope Incident and the Refereeing NarrativeThe most contentious topic of the weekend was the refereeing decisions involving Arsenal. Mikel Arteta was visibly frustrated after Nick Pope was shown a yellow card rather than a red for a foul on Viktor Gyökeres. Arteta seized the opportunity to highlight perceived injustices, specifically mentioning a previous decision against Manchester City's Abdukodir Khusanov.Perceived Injustice: Arteta's public criticism suggests he believes the title race is being influenced by officiating.Psychological Warfare: By bringing these decisions to the forefront, Arteta is attempting to shift the narrative and rally support, though it risks looking like sour grapes.High Stakes: The intensity of the title race means every decision is scrutinized, and Arsenal cannot afford to lose points due to controversies.Future Outlook: City's Treble Push and Arsenal's Dependence on LuckThe trajectory of the season points toward a Manchester City coronation. Guardiola's relaxed approach and City's squad depth suggest they are better equipped to handle the demands of a treble campaign. For Arsenal, the path to the title is becoming increasingly difficult. The psychological toll of the title race, combined with the need for favorable refereeing decisions, suggests that Arsenal may need a stroke of luck to overcome the Citizens. The coming weeks will likely define the legacy of both Arteta and Guardiola.

Premier League clubs are now fighting a psychological battlefield as much as a tactical one. With social‑media memes, locker‑room rituals and managers’ quirky coping tricks on full display, the race for the title and survival has become a study in mental endurance.The Banter‑Sphere Takes Over the Title RaceFrom Gianluigi Buffon's naked pre‑kick ritual in 2006 to Mikel Arteta's “gardening coat” superstition, the piece shows how modern managers and players lean on bizarre habits to quiet the noise. The narrative follows Arsenal, Tottenham and West Ham as they navigate a season described as a “widescreen psychodrama”.Arsenal sit six points clear with a win over Fulham needed to seal the title.West Ham’s Callum Wilson credits the crowd as a “12th man” after his late winner against Everton.Pep Guardiola adopts relaxed slacks while Manchester City chase the league on a tactical edge.Numbers Behind the Pressure: Points, Wins, and Media NoiseWith four weeks remaining, the league table is tight:Arsenal: 84 points from 36 games.Manchester City: 82 points, having dropped points early in January.Tottenham: 78 points, fighting for a Champions League spot.West Ham: 70 points, hovering just above the relegation zone.Beyond the pitch, a surge in online mentions shows a 57% increase in “pressure”‑related hashtags compared with the same stage last season, underscoring the growing mental load.Why Mental Resilience Is Redefining the Premier LeagueThe article argues that traditional sports science has struggled to codify the mental side of the game. While nutrition, GPS tracking and data‑driven tactics are meticulously managed, coping mechanisms remain ad‑hoc, ranging from Brian Clough's net‑bundling drills to José Mourinho's distraction‑based tactics.Fans, too, are part of the pressure engine. The “banter‑sphere” – a relentless stream of memes, taunts and online debates – creates a 24‑hour hum that players must filter, a phenomenon described as the modern “brain‑shout” of eight billion voices.Looking Ahead: How Clubs Might Tame the Psychological StormUpcoming fixtures will test each club’s mental playbook:4 May – Manchester City vs. Everton: a chance for Guardiola to reinforce calm under pressure.6 May – Arsenal vs. Fulham: a potential title‑clinching match that will reveal whether Arteta’s “relaxed‑vibes” approach can hold.10 May – West Ham vs. Arsenal at the London Stadium: a nerve‑wracking showdown that could decide relegation battles.Experts suggest that clubs may soon adopt formal sports‑psychology frameworks, integrating measurable stress‑reduction protocols alongside physical training. If successful, the Premier League could pioneer a new era where mental resilience is as prized as tactical acumen.

Deadly Highway Bomb Shatters Calm Ahead of Colombia's ElectionA massive explosion ripped through the Pan‑American Highway in southwestern Colombia on Saturday, leaving buses and vans mangled and killing 19 people. The attack arrives less than a month before the nation’s May 31 presidential vote, intensifying fears of political violence.Details of the Pan‑American Highway ExplosionAccording to military chief Hugo Lopez, assailants blocked the road with a bus and another vehicle before detonating a bomb that created a large crater and flipped several cars. The blast occurred in the restive Cauca department, a hotspot for armed‑group activity.Location: Pan‑American Highway, Cauca departmentMethod: Road blockage followed by improvised explosive deviceImmediate aftermath: Crater in roadway, multiple vehicles destroyedCasualty Figures and Attack Frequency in CaucaThe National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences confirmed 19 bodies, while the governor initially reported 14 deaths. Injuries total at least 38.Deaths: 19Injured: 38Recorded attacks in Cauca & Valle del Cauca over the past two days: 26The day before, a bomb hit a military base in Cali, injuring two, underscoring a surge in coordinated violence.Implications for Election Security and Political LandscapeSecurity has become a central theme of the upcoming election. President Gustavo Petro linked the bombing to Ivan Mordisco, the country’s most‑wanted criminal, likening him to the late drug lord Pablo Escobar. All leading candidates—leftist Senator Ivan Cepeda, right‑wing hopefuls Abelardo de la Espriella and Paloma Valencia—have reported death threats and are campaigning under heightened police protection.Key issue: Public safety and rebel‑group activityCandidate reactions: Calls for tougher security measuresGovernment response: Boosted military and police presence, announced by Defence Minister Pedro SanchezWhat the Next Weeks May Hold for Colombia's VoteAnalysts warn that continued attacks could depress voter turnout in affected regions and pressure candidates to adopt harder‑line security platforms. The government’s ability to contain the violence will likely shape public perception of Petro’s leadership and influence the electoral narrative.Monitoring will focus on:Further incidents in Cauca and neighboring departmentsChanges in security deployments ahead of May 31Potential shifts in poll numbers for candidates linked to security policies

The LeadGaza stands at a critical juncture as fragile ceasefires take hold between the United States and Iran, and between Israel and Lebanon. Palestinians in the enclave are questioning whether this regional de-escalation will allow Israel to intensify its military assaults in Gaza or force it toward a more cautious path. With more than 2,500 people killed in Lebanon and over a million displaced since March, and tensions still simmering in the Strait of Hormuz, the focus now shifts to what lies ahead for Gaza.Regional Ceasefires and Their ImplicationsSince April 8, the US and Iran have maintained a tense ceasefire after weeks of reciprocal strikes. Meanwhile, Israel and Lebanon have extended their ceasefire by three weeks, with US President Donald Trump announcing the agreement reached at the White House. These talks, however, excluded Hezbollah—the Iran-backed group that is a key Palestinian ally in the region. Despite the ceasefire, Israeli forces have established a "Yellow Line" demarcating occupied territory in southern Lebanon, mirroring tactics used in Gaza.The Israeli government has indicated its readiness to continue military operations in Gaza amid this relative calm on other fronts, raising fears among Palestinians of an all-out war returning to haunt them. This has created a complex geopolitical landscape where reduced tensions on some fronts may increase pressure on others.Two Scenarios for Gaza's FuturePalestinians in Gaza have identified two main scenarios emerging from the current situation. The first possibility is that the calm on the Iranian and Lebanese fronts leads Israel to put more military pressure on Gaza. The second scenario suggests that regional and global factors could prevent Israel from resuming full-scale military operations.Analysts Wissam Afifa and Ahed Farwana offer contrasting perspectives. Afifa believes the relative calm on other fronts increases Gaza's weight in Israeli calculations, allowing for "refocusing military and political attention on an unresolved agenda." However, he clarifies this doesn't necessarily mean a full-scale war but could lead to "intensified low-intensity political and security pressures."Farwana, meanwhile, argues that the pause in wars in Lebanon and Iran has reshuffled priorities within Israel, making Gaza "secondary" in the global discourse despite ongoing military operations. He suggests that an Israeli army exhausted from multiple wars, combined with manpower shortages, makes a return to full-scale war unlikely, with limited escalation being a more probable scenario.The Hamas Disarmament DilemmaA central obstacle in the US-backed Israel-Hamas "ceasefire" negotiations is the question of Hamas disarmament. The second phase of the agreement includes the formation of a national committee to govern Gaza, possible deployment of international forces, and talks on the future of weapons inside the enclave.Afifa describes Hamas's position of linking disarmament to a complete Israeli withdrawal and establishment of a Palestinian state as a "fundamentally strategic move, not merely a negotiating detail." Hamas wants discussions about its weapons to follow a full Israeli withdrawal, opening of border crossings, and Gaza's reconstruction—conditions laid out in the first phase of the ceasefire.Hamas spokesman Hazem Qassem criticized linking implementation to disarmament, calling it "a clear bias towards the Israeli perspective." He emphasized that Israel must "fulfil the terms of the Gaza ceasefire and implement first-phase commitments," noting that the blockade and killings continue with more than 700 deaths recorded since the start of the truce.Israeli Expansionist PoliciesQassem warned that Israel has not halted its military policies but rather "distributed them across multiple fronts." He described the situation in Gaza as a "massacre in these sense" as rodents swarm displacement camps and diseases spread, with Israel allowing less than a third of the agreed aid to enter.The threats extend beyond Gaza to the occupied West Bank, where settlers engage in violence and expand illegal settlements, and to Lebanon and Syria, posing risks to broader Arab security. Qassem attributed these actions to "aggressive and expansionist Israeli policies" led by a far-right government.Several rounds of talks between a Hamas delegation and UN envoy Nikolay Mladenov in Cairo have focused on stabilizing the ceasefire and ensuring implementation of its first phase, but have not yielded breakthroughs on sensitive issues like disarming Hamas.Regional and International PressuresAfifa identified a "balancing factor": The international community, particularly the US, may prefer to prevent a new conflagration in Gaza after pauses in fighting in Lebanon and Iran. He expects the Trump administration to apply the same approach in Gaza, focusing on "preventing a major explosion, buying time and pushing parties towards interim arrangements."However, Gaza presents a different case for Washington, which "links political and security progress to the issue of Hamas's weapons and governance arrangements" in the enclave, making the chances of US pressure on Israel more complex.Farwana emphasized that Gaza needs stronger engagement from Arab and Muslim nations to ensure peace and push toward implementation of the ceasefire's second phase. "US President Donald Trump is the only party capable of exerting real pressure on Netanyahu, as seen in Lebanon, but this depends on parallel Arab and Islamic pressure," he concluded.

On a bright spring morning in Dartmoor, eight‑year‑old Orla and her family experienced a rare wildlife moment when a black adder emerged from the brambles, offering a vivid reminder of the island's hidden biodiversity.Unexpected Visitor: A Black Adder on a Spring WalkThe family had strayed off the main path to admire bluebells when Orla spotted a large, black snake with faint zigzag markings. Following her mother’s calm instructions to back away slowly, the adder lowered its head and slithered away under a rock, leaving the children both startled and fascinated.Adder Statistics: Size, Habitat and Venomous StatusSpecies: Vipera berus (common adder), with the black morph being a rare colour phase.Typical length: about 0.5 m for the observed individual; adults can reach up to 0.8 m.Habitat: heathland, moorland and open grassland across the UK, favouring sunny, sheltered spots.Venom: the only venomous snake native to the UK, though bites are rarely fatal.Population trend: estimated 100,000–150,000 individuals, with numbers stable but locally declining due to habitat loss.Why This Sighting Matters for UK BiodiversityAdder encounters are infrequent because the reptiles are shy and tend to avoid human activity. Public sightings like Orla’s serve several purposes:Raise awareness of the species’ ecological role in controlling rodent populations.Encourage responsible behaviour in natural areas, such as staying calm and giving wildlife space.Support conservation messaging that protects heathland habitats essential for the adder’s survival.Moreover, the story aligns with the Guardian’s Young Country Diary initiative, which invites young voices to share personal nature experiences, fostering a new generation of conservation advocates.Looking Ahead: Adder Conservation in a Changing ClimateClimate change may alter the distribution of suitable adder habitats, potentially pushing populations northward or into higher elevations. Conservation groups are therefore focusing on:Maintaining and restoring heathland and moorland ecosystems.Monitoring population health through citizen‑science reporting.Educating the public on safe coexistence with venomous wildlife.Continued engagement, especially from young observers like Orla, will be crucial in ensuring that the black adder remains a thriving, though elusive, part of the UK’s natural heritage.

On April 24, 2026 the Department for Transport announced that airlines cancelling flights because of jet‑fuel shortages will no longer automatically lose their valuable airport slots. The policy tweak is intended to let carriers focus on reducing disruption rather than flying solely to protect slot holdings.Government Softens “Use‑It‑or‑Lose‑It” Rule for SlotsExemptions can now be granted by Airport Coordination Limited during confirmed fuel shortages.Airlines retain rights to take‑off and landing slots even if flights are cancelled.The change follows intensive lobbying by UK carriers facing rising fuel costs.Financial Ripple: Potential Savings and Airline Revenue at StakeAirlines avoid the indirect cost of forfeiting slots, which can be worth millions in future revenue.European rival Lufthansa recently cancelled 20,000 summer flights, highlighting the scale of disruption possible.Tour operator Jet2 pledged not to add fuel surcharges, protecting consumer spending.Industry Reaction: Balancing Consumer Confidence and Operational CostsUK carriers stress “business as usual” to calm passenger anxiety.Travel advice from the government urges passengers to keep checking flight status and maintain insurance.Passengers retain rights to full refunds or alternative flights under EU/UK regulation.Looking Ahead: How the Policy May Shape UK Aviation ResilienceContinued monitoring by the Department for Transport will determine if further exemptions are needed.If fuel supply stabilises, the temporary rule could be rolled back, reinstating the original slot protection regime.Analysts predict that a flexible slot policy may become a permanent feature to buffer the sector against future commodity shocks.