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The Earliest Known Dental TreatmentNeanderthals used stone drills to treat cavities almost 60,000 years ago in what is the earliest known evidence of dental treatment. This groundbreaking discovery challenges previous assumptions about Neanderthal capabilities and reveals their sophisticated approach to medical care.The Discovery in SiberiaThe single molar, unearthed in a cave in southern Siberia's Chagyrskaya site, features a deep hole that appears to have been created using a sharp, thin stone tool during the lifetime of the tooth's owner. The tooth, dated to be 59,000 years old, was found alongside the remains of Neanderthals and thousands of stone tools that have been excavated at the site.Scientific Evidence of Ancient DentistryThe lower molar features a deep hole in the centre of the tooth extending into the pulp cavity. Microscopic X-ray imaging revealed changes in mineralization that indicated severe tooth decay. Researchers conducted experiments on three modern human teeth to demonstrate that a hole of the same shape and patterns of microscopic grooves could be created by manually rotating a narrow, elongated tool made from local jasper between two fingers. Penetrating the dentin using this approach took between 35 and 50 minutes of continuous work.Expert Analysis of the ProcedureDr. Kseniya Kolobova, an archaeologist at the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, noted that this discovery "powerfully reinforces the now well-supported view that Neanderthals were not the brutish, inferior cousins of outdated stereotypes but a sophisticated human population with complex cognitive and cultural capacities."A dental professor who reviewed images of the tooth rated the Neanderthal's work as "a decent job." Justin Durham, a professor of orofacial pain at Newcastle University and the British Dental Association's chief scientific adviser, stated: "If I was marking this for a dental student, I wouldn't give it an A, but given the circumstances it's pretty impressive."Implications for Understanding Neanderthal CapabilitiesThis discovery represents the first time dental drilling has been demonstrated outside of Homo sapiens, and it is the oldest example of such behavior by more than 40,000 years. The smoothed edges of the drilled cavity and wear patterns inside it suggest the individual survived and continued to chew with the tooth for some time after the procedure.Dr. Lydia Zotkina, an archaeologist at the Russian Academy of Sciences and co-author, emphasized the remarkable strength of will required: "What struck me, and continues to strike me, is what an incredibly strong-willed person this Neanderthal must have been. They must have surely understood that although the pain of the procedure was greater than the pain of the inflammation, it was only temporary and had to be endured."This finding adds to previous evidence of Neanderthals caring for the sick and vulnerable group members, including an adult man with a withered arm and deformities in both legs, and a child with Down's syndrome who survived until at least the age of six. The latest discovery reveals not only compassion, but an impressive level of self-control by the patient and advanced technical skills by the practitioner.

The Lawsuit Against Meta California’s Santa Clara county has sued Meta Platforms, alleging it has profited from Facebook and Instagram ads promoting scams in violation of California’s false advertising and unfair business practices laws. Allegations of Tolerating Fraudulent Advertising The lawsuit – filed on Monday in Santa Clara county superior court on behalf of all California residents – accuses the social media giant of tolerating fraudulent advertising on a global basis. The suit seeks restitution, civil damages and an order prohibiting Meta from engaging in unfair business practices. Revenue from High-Risk Scam Ads Citing leaked internal documents first reported by Reuters last year, the complaint alleges that the company earned as much as $7bn in annual revenue from so-called “high-risk” scam ads which show clear signs of being fraudulent. Meta's Response and Defense Meta said it intends to defend itself against the claim. “This claim relies on Reuters reporting that distorts our motives and ignores the full range of actions we take to combat scams every day,” said a Meta spokesperson, Andy Stone. “We aggressively fight scams on and off our platforms because they’re not good for us or the people and businesses that rely on our services.“ The Impact on Users and the Legal Proceedings In the suit, Santa Clara alleges that Meta materially contributed to an epidemic of fraud by allowing middlemen to sell accounts to place ads that were protected against enforcement, and targeting scam ads at users who had clicked on similarly bogus offerings in the past. The county will retain full control over decisions involving the case, and outside law firms will only be paid if the county wins.

The LeadJennie Garth, known for her role as Kelly Taylor in 'Beverly Hills, 90210,' opens up about the psychological impact of early fame and how she found new purpose in her 50s. The 54-year-old actress, who felt 'stuck' and unfulfilled as her daughters grew up, has launched a podcast and book titled 'I Choose Me,' sharing her journey of self-discovery and the lessons learned from her decades in Hollywood.Finding Purpose at 50Approaching her 50s, Garth experienced a classic midlife crisis, questioning her path and purpose after noticing potential acting jobs becoming 'few and far between.' The deaths of her 90210 co-stars Luke Perry in 2019 and Shannen Doherty in 2024 intensified her sense of urgency, prompting her to share what she's learned with other women experiencing similar standstills. Her new venture, 'I Choose Me,' named after an iconic line from her character on the show, combines memoir and self-help as Garth reflects on her journey from teenage star to mature woman finding her voice.The Price of Early FameGarth candidly admits that her early fame 'screwed with her mind,' describing how she spent 20 years 'trying to keep her head above water.' Starting on the hit show at just 18, she felt developmentally 'held back from the realities of the world,' watching peers experience normal milestones while she was 'slammed into' fame. The experience left her questioning how her unusual path affected her relationships and personal growth, as she struggled to form normal connections while constantly being judged and typecast in the industry.Hollywood's Changing LandscapeThe actress reflects on the sexism she faced in the 90s, noting how young female actors were 'exposed to far more than they should' in terms of sexualization and discrimination. She recalls unspoken expectations about appearance and the pressure to conform to certain standards, including her own decision to get breast enhancement at 24. Garth also discusses how the industry typecast her and her co-stars, keeping them in a 'sort of Aaron Spelling-nighttime-soapy category' that limited their growth opportunities, despite the quality of their work.A New ChapterNow in her 50s, Garth feels she's finally 'caught up' developmentally and is embracing her age with greater wisdom and resilience. Through therapy and self-help, she's found a new voice and purpose, sharing her experiences to help other women navigate similar challenges. Her journey from teenage star to empowered woman reflects both the lasting impact of early fame and the potential for reinvention later in life, as she continues to work while also focusing on personal growth and helping others find their own path to self-acceptance.

Oswestry Cricket Club’s thriving Women and Girls (WaGs) programme has reached a milestone: ten mother‑daughter pairs are now playing competitive cricket together, contributing to a squad of 33 women and girls who have won the Shropshire hard‑ball league in 2024 and 2025.The Mother‑Daughter Phenomenon at Oswestry Cricket ClubFounded in 2018 by Naomi Payne, the WaGs section grew from a six‑person softball event to a full‑time hard‑ball and soft‑ball team. Jools Payne, the club’s manager and a founding player, describes the atmosphere as “a hoot on the field” while maintaining a competitive edge. Coaching is provided by her husband, former Surrey and Gloucestershire all‑rounder Ian Payne, who brings professional expertise to the grassroots setting.Participation Stats: 33 Players, 10 Mother‑Daughter Duos33 registered women and girls across hard‑ball and soft‑ball formats.10 mother‑daughter pairs ranging in age from 12 to 67.Two‑thirds of the junior players come from the state school sector.Back‑to‑back champions of the top Shropshire recreational hard‑ball league (2024, 2025).Boosting Female Cricket in Shropshire and BeyondThe club’s inclusive approach tackles the national drop‑off in teenage girls’ sport participation highlighted by a 2022 Women in Sport survey. By encouraging mothers to play and creating a nurturing, female‑only training night, the programme fosters confidence, teamwork and long‑term engagement. The group also participates in wider cricket culture, attending England women’s matches and hosting events around the Women’s T20 World Cup.Looking Ahead: Record‑Seeking Goals and Youth PathwaysWith aspirations to enter the Guinness Book of Records for mother‑daughter participation, the WaGs are planning an under‑12 side and a clearer pathway to senior cricket. Upcoming events include a softball festival on 5 July and a viewing party for the T20 World Cup final, reinforcing community bonds while promoting the sport to the next generation.

Breaking New Ground: Lee Lai's Historic Win Lee Lai has made history by becoming the first non-binary person and the first graphic novelist to win the 2026 Stella Prize for her book Cannon. This achievement not only highlights Lai's exceptional talent but also marks a significant step forward for representation in literature. The Book: A Graphic Novel of Emotional Depth Cannon follows the life of a queer Chinese woman living in Montreal. The story explores themes of responsibility, family dynamics, and the protagonist's journey through her twenties. Lai's work is praised for its elegant artistry, which evokes a range of emotions from horror and poignancy to humor. The Impact of the Win Lai's win is seen as a triumph not only for her but also for the comics community. The $60,000 prize money is a significant boost for Lai, allowing her more time to focus on her craft. As Lai notes, 'money is time,' and this award will have a substantial impact on her life and career. A New Era for the Stella Prize The Stella Prize, established to recognize outstanding contributions by women and non-binary writers, has taken a significant step forward with Lai's win. By including non-binary writers in 2021, the prize has expanded its scope to embrace a broader range of voices. Lai's achievement sets a precedent and paves the way for future generations of writers. The Future of Graphic Novels Lai's win could potentially increase interest in graphic novels and encourage more readers to explore this medium. As she notes, 'I hope that this is a win for the comics community as well, and that it makes some readers more interested in reading comics.' With Cannon, Lai has demonstrated the power of graphic novels to tell compelling and emotionally resonant stories.

The Passing of a TrailblazerJason Collins, the first openly gay active player in the National Basketball Association (NBA), has died at the age of 47 after battling cancer. His family confirmed the news in a statement, describing his fight against glioblastoma as "valiant." Collins revealed his diagnosis in September 2025, disclosing he had stage four glioblastoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer.A Career in Professional BasketballThe 7-foot center (2.13 meters) played 13 seasons in the NBA, making significant contributions to several teams. Selected 18th overall by the Houston Rockets in the 2001 draft, he was traded to the New Jersey Nets on draft night. Collins also played for the Memphis Grizzlies, Minnesota Timberwolves, Atlanta Hawks, Boston Celtics, and Washington Wizards.Collins helped the Nets reach back-to-back NBA Finals in 2002 and 2003 alongside teammates Jason Kidd and Richard Jefferson, showcasing his value as a professional athlete.A Historic Moment in SportsIn April 2013, Collins made headlines when he became the first active male athlete in one of North America's four major professional sports leagues to publicly come out as gay. His decision was announced in a first-person essay in Sports Illustrated, which received widespread support across the sports world.Former United States President Barack Obama publicly praised Collins' courage, stating that he "couldn't be prouder" of Collins for taking this step. His coming out represented a significant milestone for LGBTQ+ representation in professional sports.Enduring Legacy and Impact"Jason changed lives in unexpected ways and was an inspiration to all who knew him and to those who admired him from afar," his family said in their statement. "Our family will miss him dearly."Arn Tellem, Collins' former agent and current vice chairman of the Detroit Pistons, emphasized the lasting impact of his decision to come out: "Jason's legacy stands as a beacon for tolerance, dignity, respect, inclusion, compassion, and understanding. He left this world better than he found it."The Future of LGBTQ+ Representation in SportsCollins' passing comes at a time when LGBTQ+ representation in professional sports continues to evolve. His courageous decision to come out in 2013 paved the way for other athletes to be open about their identities without fear of professional repercussions. As sports organizations continue to promote diversity and inclusion, Collins' legacy will undoubtedly continue to influence future generations of athletes.

A new large‑scale randomized trial presented at the European Congress on Obesity in Istanbul indicates that the oral GLP‑1 antagonist orforglipron can help patients retain the majority of weight lost with injectable therapies such as tirzepatide (Mounjaro) and semaglutide (Wegovy).Trial Shows Oral Orforglipron Preserves Most Weight After Switching from InjectablesThe study, funded by Eli Lilly, followed 376 US patients who had been on tirzepatide or semaglutide injections for 72 weeks and then randomized them to a daily orforglipron tablet or placebo for an additional year.Participants were previously on weekly GLP‑1 jabs that typically produce 15‑20% body‑weight loss.After the injection phase, subjects were switched to oral therapy or placebo for 12 months.Primary endpoint: proportion of weight loss retained at 12 months.Quantitative Outcomes: 75% vs 49% Retention for Tirzepatide Users, 80% vs 38% for Semaglutide UsersWeight‑loss maintenance differed markedly between the pill and placebo groups:Tirzepatide cohort: 75% of lost weight retained with orforglipron vs 49% with placebo.Semaglutide cohort: 80% retained with the pill vs 38% with placebo.Secondary benefits—blood pressure, cholesterol, and glycaemic control—were also sustained in the pill arm.Implications for Obesity Management and Healthcare CostsExperts highlighted the broader significance:Dr Louis Aronne (Weill Cornell Medicine) emphasized that treating obesity directly can simultaneously improve glucose, lipid, and blood‑pressure metrics.Dr Marie Spreckley (University of Cambridge) noted patient preference for oral therapy due to convenience, storage, and lower cost.Dr Simon Cork (Anglia Ruskin University) warned that injectable GLP‑1 drugs, while highly effective, are expensive and limit long‑term accessibility for both private payers and the NHS.The findings suggest a potential shift toward oral agents that maintain efficacy while reducing financial and logistical burdens.Future Outlook: Oral GLP‑1 Therapies Could Redefine Chronic Obesity CareIf further trials confirm these results, orforglipron could become a cornerstone of chronic obesity management, enabling earlier intervention (BMI 25‑27) and possibly preventing progression to severe obesity.Regulators and payers will likely scrutinize cost‑effectiveness models, but the prospect of a cheap, daily tablet that sustains weight loss may reshape treatment algorithms worldwide.

Executive Overview: Syringe‑Smuggled Ants in NairobiThe Guardian article reveals that Nairobi is emerging as a nexus for the illegal trade of giant harvester ants, which are being hidden inside medical syringes to evade detection. This unconventional smuggling method highlights a growing challenge at the intersection of wildlife trafficking and public‑health safety.How Syringes Enable the Giant Harvester Ant TradeAccording to the report, traffickers exploit the small, sealed nature of syringes to conceal live ants during transport. The method allows large numbers of insects to be moved discreetly through customs and local markets, bypassing traditional inspection procedures.Scale of the Illicit Ant MarketWhile precise figures are not disclosed, the article notes a noticeable increase in seizures and police investigations related to ant smuggling in Nairobi.Local markets are reportedly offering the insects for purposes ranging from traditional medicine to exotic pet trade.Implications for Public Health and BiodiversityThe practice poses dual risks: the potential spread of ant‑borne pathogens to humans, and the ecological impact of removing a keystone species from its native habitats. Kenyan authorities are urged to strengthen bio‑security protocols to mitigate these threats.Future Outlook: Regulation and EnforcementExperts cited in the Guardian piece suggest that tighter customs inspections, public awareness campaigns, and regional cooperation will be essential to curb the syringe‑based trafficking network. Ongoing monitoring will determine whether Nairobi can shift from a trafficking hub to a model for effective wildlife‑trade enforcement.

First Ascent: The Allure of Carn Ffoi’s Jagged EdgeThe Guardian’s Country Diary captures a solitary climber’s obsession with a dark, looming rock outcrop on the brow of a Pembrokeshire hill. From a modest “home away from home,” the author watches the storm‑washed landscape settle, the wind drying the volcanic stone and setting the stage for a daring bouldering session.On‑Ground Details: Route‑Finding Without a GuidebookWithout a phone or detailed topos, the climber relies on a hand‑drawn booklet of routes that proves indecipherable. Instead, he scouts a potential line on the lee side of the boulder, warms his fingers, and visualises the climb in his mind before committing to the overhanging block.Physical Metrics: Climb Length, Elevation Gain, and Weather ConditionsClimb height: approximately 4‑5 metres of vertical gain.Elevation gain from base to summit: ~12 m above sea level.Wind: post‑storm gusts around 15‑20 km/h, drying the rock surface.Temperature: mild coastal chill, roughly 12 °C.Why This Matters: Highlighting Remote Coastal Climbing in WalesThe piece underscores a growing niche of climbers seeking untouched tors along the Welsh coast. The volcanic geology offers a texture “rough as old bark,” while the surrounding landscape—sandy Trefdraeth Bay, gorse scrub, and distant fishing boats—provides a dramatic backdrop that differentiates these sites from inland crags.Looking Ahead: Future Exploration of Pembrokeshire’s TorsAfter topping the boulder, the author spots a freshly‑moulted adder, a reminder of the area’s rich biodiversity. The encounter, combined with the panoramic sea view, suggests that Pembrokeshire’s tors will continue to attract adventurous climbers and nature enthusiasts alike, encouraging more detailed route documentation and sustainable access initiatives.