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What is Immunotherapy? Immunotherapies are biological treatments that harness the immune system to prevent, control and fight diseases and other conditions. The most familiar are vaccines, which train the immune system to recognise targets such as invading pathogens. Other immunotherapies boost immune responses when they are too weak, or dampen them down when they are out of control. Still others draw on engineered immune cells or lab-made antibodies to disrupt disease processes. The Evolution of Immunotherapy Efforts to prevent disease by boosting the immune system date back thousands of years, but advanced therapies for a wide range of illnesses have come to the fore in the past two decades. A global registry of clinical trials listed 1,257 trials of immunotherapies between 2006 and 2016. The figure leapt to 4,591 in the past decade. How Do Cancer Immunotherapies Work? Cancer patients have seen great benefits from immunotherapies and dozens are now approved for more than 30 types of cancer. Some tumours evade the body’s defences by switching off immune cells, but antibody-based drugs – called checkpoint inhibitors – reactivate them so they can recognise and attack the malignancies. The Future of Immunotherapy: Beyond Cancer Researchers are now testing whether existing immunotherapies can help a broader range of patients. This includes treating allergies, infections, brain diseases, and autoimmune disorders. Some of the most exciting new immunotherapies draw on recent Nobel prizewinning work on regulatory T-cells, or Tregs, which can be used to dampen down immune responses. The Potential of Tregs in Immunotherapy Tregs are unusual immune cells that stand the immune system down once the threat has been dealt with. Therapies are in the pipeline for dementia and autoimmune diseases from type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis to lupus and chronic inflammation. The potential for Tregs is vast, and researchers believe that half of all deaths have a component that is immunological.

The Lead: Russia's Escalation and Ukraine's Counteroffensive Russia's attempts at escalation via Belarus, where it has delivered more nuclear weapons and held highly publicized joint war games, come as its ground war falters in Ukraine. Ukrainian commander-in-chief Oleksandr Syrskii reports that Ukraine has seized the tactical initiative, with Ukrainian offensive assaults now outnumbering Russian assaults on Ukrainian positions. Russia's Soldier Shortage and Recruitment Crisis Ukraine's forces have gained the upper hand because Russian forces are running out of soldiers to conduct offensive operations. According to Syrskii, "Since the beginning of 2026, the total losses of the enemy have already exceeded 141,500 people, of which more than 83,000 are irreversible." Ukraine's Foreign Intelligence Service believes Russia is unable to replenish these losses of more than 1,000 people a day, and this year is recruiting at a rate of 800-930 a day, suffering a net decrease of battlefield strength. In response, 40 Russian regions have increased sign-up bonuses by between 30 and 100 percent. Putin has also simplified citizenship procedures for Russian speakers in the Transnistrian region of Moldova, which Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy described as "Russia looking for new soldiers." Economic Impact: Ukraine's War on Russian Oil Infrastructure Russia's economy is fraying, having run up a $78.4bn deficit in the first four months of 2026 after budgeting for a $50.5bn deficit for the entire year. "Oil dealt the main blow. Revenues from hydrocarbons fell by 38.3 percent," according to Ukraine's Foreign Intelligence Service. Ukraine has scaled up its long-range campaign against Russian refineries and oil export terminals, depriving Moscow of windfall profits from high oil prices. International Energy Agency (IEA) data shows Russia has curtailed production by 460,000 barrels per day (bpd) in April 2026 compared with April 2025. Reuters estimates that Ukrainian drone attacks knocked out about 700,000 bpd of refining capacity between January and May across 16 refineries, accounting for a quarter of Russia's refining capacity. Shift to Asymmetric Warfare: Ukraine's Strategy Evolution "Given our limited resources, to effectively resist a much larger enemy, we are trying to shift from a 'war of attrition' to an asymmetric strategy," Syrskii told the European Union Military Committee. "Our main tasks are to stop the enemy's advance and effectively counterattack, strike at the Russians' rear, including deep within their territory." Ukraine has attacked military-industrial targets in a 100km radius around Moscow, including the Angstrem semiconductor plant, the Solnechnogorsk oil pumping station, and the Moscow Refinery. Ukraine has also targeted refineries in Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Kstovo, and Sizran, as well as military hardware including helicopter gunships, amphibious craft, and anti-aircraft missile systems. Belarus Front: Russia's Nuclear Escalation and Ukraine's Warning Russia has put pressure on Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko to open a new front in the war against Ukraine. Zelenskyy stated that Russia would launch a simultaneous attack from its neighboring region of Bryansk against Chernihiv. "We know that there have been additional contacts between the Russians and Alexander Lukashenko aimed at persuading him to join new Russian aggressive operations," Zelenskyy said. Russia involved Belarus in a joint nuclear exercise with 64,000 personnel, more than 200 missile launchers, 140 aircraft, 73 surface ships and 13 submarines. Russian President Vladimir Putin confirmed that the two countries would launch ballistic and cruise missiles as part of the exercise. Russia has parked its new Oreshnik tactical nuclear missile in Belarus since last year and has threatened to attack European arms manufacturing and military sites with it.

The Arrest That Sparked International ConcernThe operation began at 9am Moscow time, but took place across all of Russia's 11 time zones. Almost simultaneously, agents of the federal security service (FSB) raided the homes and workplaces of 17 Indigenous rights activists. Officers carried out searches, confiscated laptops and phones, and arrested and interrogated activists about participation in international forums. Most were let go; many have since left the country. Others remain in Russia, but will no longer speak up.Six months later, one remains in jail. Daria Egereva, one of Russia's foremost Indigenous rights activists, is accused of membership of a terror group. No trial date has been set. Her supporters say the charges are fabricated and she has been targeted for speaking out.Egereva was not just any activist. A member of the Selkup indigenous group, from western Siberia, she was a "bright star" of Russia's indigenous rights movement. As a member of the UN's Indigenous Peoples' Coordinating Body, she had international status. Weeks before her arrest, she had played a key role at Cop30 in Brazil as co-chair of the Indigenous People's Forum on Climate Change.Her jailing has shone a spotlight on the plight of Russia's Indigenous people, threatened by authoritarianism, extractivism and climate breakdown.The Climate Crisis in Russia's Arctic"They are really seeing the worst effects of climate change," said Alicia Moncada, director of global advocacy at Cultural Survival, which campaigns for Indigenous rights. "They are on the frontline of the frontline – that's why [Egereva's] advocacy was super important."The polar north is heating faster than any other part of the planet. In recent decades, temperatures in Arctic regions have risen three to four times faster than the global average. Communities based on permafrost are seeing their world collapse around them."The elders are saying that nature has stopped trusting us," said one exiled Indigenous leader, who requested that his name be withheld. "The traditional ways of predicting nature are not working any more."Many settlements sit next to the banks of rivers and lakes. Due to the melting permafrost, those banks are beginning to crumble. "There is a real threat of destruction for a lot of those villages," said the leader, who spoke through an interpreter. And the melting ice has brought a new source of tension: newly accessible critical mineral resources.Resource Extraction and Indigenous Displacement"All these resources of the Russian Federation, a majority of them are located under the lands of Indigenous people: gold, diamonds, oil, gas, coal," the leader said. "For some people it is a treasure, but for us it is a curse."Because the companies are coming to our land for those resources and they are pushing us out. Even if they don't push us out, the environmental situation in those places will become so bad that we are unable to hunt or fish."One of the elders said that we can adapt to anything, but we will not be able to survive without our land."The Government Crackdown on Indigenous ActivismAlthough Indigenous groups maintained their identities, by the end of the Soviet era they lacked independent organisation and relied on the state. Egereva had been part of a new generation of leaders who had encouraged community self-empowerment.But this assertiveness brought them into conflict with the authorities. Even before the war in Ukraine, the Russian state claimed that its enemies were exploiting environmental and indigenous issues. Now, with the war a pretext for a crackdown on civil society, Indigenous people are among those at the sharp end.To date, 830 organisations and 20,813 individuals have been put on the "list of terrorists and extremists", according to the UN. Among them was Aborigen Forum, a network of Indigenous defenders designated an "extremist organisation" in July 2024.Russian authorities have based their charges against Egereva and her co-defendant, Natalia Leongardt, a civil rights activist, on their involvement with Aborigen. Authorities claim it is part of an anti-state "post-Russia free nations forum".International Response and Russian DefenseIn a bail hearing on 29 April, Egereva and Leongardt denied being part of any anti-state conspiracy. "I am not familiar with and do not know this organisation," Egereva told the court. "What we are being accused of is completely untrue ... I ask to be allowed to return home and embrace my children."The court refused to grant them bail, remanding them in custody until at least mid-June. The following day, Russia celebrated a new federal holiday: the "Day of Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples".The Russian embassy told the Guardian: "The investigation concerning Daria Egereva is an internal Russian legal matter, conducted in full accordance with Russian law. As proceedings are ongoing, we are not in a position to comment on the specifics of the case."Russia firmly rejects any allegations of violations of Indigenous people's rights. Unlike a number of western states – including Britain in its former colonies – Russia has no history of forced assimilation of Indigenous communities. Russian law affords Indigenous peoples special legal protections, guaranteeing their collective and individual rights, cultural identity, and linguistic heritage under the constitution and in line with international norms."Russia is actively engaged in the international climate agenda, taking account of both the challenges and the economic opportunities emerging in its northern regions – including expanded access to the northern sea route and mineral resources in permafrost zones. All such projects are carried out with the aim of supporting regional development, creating jobs and attracting investment, including for the benefit of Indigenous communities in these areas."

The Departure of a Legend Manchester City have confirmed that Pep Guardiola is leaving at the end of the season. The manager is to step away after Sunday’s match at home to Aston Villa with one year on his contract, and City have lined up Enzo Maresca to replace him. Guardiola's Legacy at Manchester City Guardiola has been City’s manager for 10 years, winning 17 major trophies, including this season’s Carabao Cup and FA Cup. Hopes of a domestic treble ended on Tuesday when City’s 1-1 draw at Bournemouth made Arsenal the Premier League champions. The Appointment of Enzo Maresca Maresca has agreed in principle a three-year deal to succeed Guardiola, who he assisted at City in the 2022-23 season. Maresca has been out of work since leaving Chelsea on New Year’s Day. Chelsea are in line for sizeable compensation for the Italian, who departed with three and a half years on his deal, plus the club option of an extra year. Guardiola's Parting Words Guardiola said with a nod to Manchester’s history: “This is a city built from work. From graft. You see it in the colour of the bricks. From people who clocked in early, stayed late. The factories. The Pankhursts. The unions. The music. Simply the industrial revolution and how this changed the world. And I think I grew to understand that, and my teams did too. We worked. We suffered. We fought. And we did things our own way. Our way.”

Retatrutide Delivers Up to 28% Body‑Weight Reduction in Phase 3 StudyA new weight‑loss drug has helped participants in a sizable trial lose much more weight than other obesity drugs already on the market – up to an average of 28% of their body weight, Eli Lilly announced on Thursday. Phase 3 Trial Design and Dosing RegimenThe Indiana‑based company randomized 2,339 adults with obesity or overweight and at least one weight‑related comorbidity (no diabetes) to receive Retatrutide at 4 mg, 9 mg, 12 mg, or placebo for 80 weeks. The drug is a once‑weekly triple hormone receptor agonist targeting GLP‑1, GIP, and glucagon. Quantitative Outcomes and Safety ProfileAverage weight loss: 70.3 lb (28.3%) at the 12 mg dose.Average loss at 9 mg: 64.4 lb (25.9%).Average loss at 4 mg: 47.2 lb (19.0%).45.3% of 12 mg participants lost ≥30% of body weight.65.3% reduced BMI below 30; 37.5% of those starting with BMI ≥ 40 achieved this.Side‑effects increased with dose: nausea (28.6%‑42.4%), diarrhea (25.2%‑34.1%), vomiting (up to 25%).For comparison, Zepbound yields 15‑20% loss over 72 weeks and Wegovy 14‑19% over 64‑72 weeks. Implications for the Obesity‑Drug LandscapeThe magnitude of loss positions Retatrutide as the most effective pharmacologic option to date, potentially shifting prescriber preference away from existing GLP‑1 monotherapies. Its triple‑agonist mechanism adds glucagon, a hormone absent from current products, which may enhance metabolic control and appetite suppression. Future Outlook: Approval Path and Market PotentialAnalysts expect regulatory submissions within the next year, with a likely U.S. FDA review in 2027. If approved, Retatrutide could capture a sizable share of the rapidly expanding obesity‑treatment market, prompting competitors to explore multi‑agonist formulations.

Meta has reached a confidential settlement with Breathitt County Schools in Kentucky, ending a lawsuit that alleged the company’s social networks are engineered to be addictive and cause mental‑health harm to students.Meta Settles Kentucky School District Lawsuit Over Alleged Addiction DesignThe settlement was announced less than three weeks before the case was set to go to trial in federal court in California. While the exact terms were not disclosed, Meta emphasized its ongoing work on safety tools such as Teen Accounts and parental controls.Financial Stakes and Settlement LandscapeThe Kentucky district originally sought more than $60 million to cover mental‑health services and a 15‑year remediation program.Meta’s settlement follows similar agreements by TikTok and Snap with the same group of roughly 1,200 school districts.Recent jury verdicts ordered Meta and YouTube to pay $6 million in damages and Meta to pay $375 million in civil penalties for related claims.Implications for Social Media Regulation and Child SafetyThe case adds pressure on the industry to redesign features such as infinite scrolling and autoplay video, which plaintiffs argue are deliberately addictive. Lawmakers and advocacy groups are citing these lawsuits as evidence that existing self‑regulation is insufficient, potentially accelerating federal or state legislation aimed at protecting minors online.Future Legal Battles and Industry OutlookAttorneys for the remaining school districts say they will continue pursuing justice, with another 1,200 districts still in litigation. Upcoming trials include an individual case in California and a Tennessee attorney‑general suit slated for July, while a federal case by the Tucson Unified School District is scheduled for January 2027. The outcomes of these cases will likely shape the next wave of social‑media liability and could force broader industry changes.

The Grenfell Tower Fire Prosecution Delays Relief at this week’s news that police are sending files to the Crown Prosecution Service, recommending charges against 77 individuals and organisations for their roles in the Grenfell Tower fire, is mixed with grief and anger. On 14 June the disaster’s survivors and their supporters will gather for the ninth annual silent walk around the west London neighbourhood in which the ruined tower stands. Next year marks a decade since the fire. Investigation Findings and Criticisms The public inquiry into the disaster pointed the finger at multiple public and private bodies, decisions and individuals. Three construction firms, Arconic, Kingspan and Celotex, were found to have been deliberately dishonest about their products. Poor regulation of building safety was the fault of central government. Kensington and Chelsea council, and its tenant management organisation, were strongly criticised for poor fire safety and other lapses. So were the architects and contractors commissioned to oversee the block’s refurbishment. The London fire brigade was culpable for its dangerous “stay put” policy, which should have been changed following previous cladding fires, including the one that killed six people in Lakanal House, south London, in 2009. Prosecution Delays and Concerns These conclusions, and the inquiry’s 58 recommendations, were delivered in September 2024. Yet even now, the prospect of criminal trials remains painfully remote. With prosecutors expected to decide on which charges to bring by next June, cases are unlikely to come to court until 2028 at the earliest. One survivors’ group, Grenfell Next of Kin, responded to Tuesday’s announcement with a statement that its confidence in the system has been “shattered”. Another group, Grenfell United, said that survivors “cannot be expected to endure years more of delay”. Calls for Accountability and Change Criminal convictions have never been the only outcome sought. Campaigners welcomed the public inquiry’s findings and recommendations. Multimillion pound settlements of civil suits have been agreed. Earlier this year the government pledged dedicated funding for a long-planned memorial. Building regulation is in the process of being overhauled. A programme of cladding removal continues. Future Actions and Expectations But there is frustration about the pace of change, and concern that the laws on corporate manslaughter and negligence are too weak. Last year the Common Wealth thinktank warned of the “very high threshold for liability” and called for tougher penalties to ensure “meaningful deterrence”. Some of the firms who bear responsibility for the Grenfell fire continue to win public contracts – causing further distress.

The Lead: International Outrage Over Ben-Gvir's Video Israel's far-right National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir has posted a video of himself taunting foreign activists abducted from a Gaza-bound aid flotilla at a makeshift holding pen in Israel's city of Ashdod. The activists, abducted by Israeli forces in international waters, are seen cable-tied and kneeling while Israel's national anthem blares in the video, which was released on Wednesday. Several countries, including Italy and France, have summoned Israeli ambassadors to explain the stunt. As well as a global backlash, the video has even been met with sharp rebukes from Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and staunch ally, United States ambassador to Israel, Mike Huckabee. Who is Ben-Gvir: The Far-Right Minister at the Center of Controversy The 50-year-old lawyer and politician has led the far-right Jewish Power (Otzma Yehudit) party in Israel since 2019. He was sworn into the cabinet after the 2022 elections and was later appointed as national security minister and given control of Israel's Border Police division in the occupied West Bank. A settler in Kiryat Arba, one of the most radical settlements on Palestinian land in the occupied West Bank – all of which are illegal under international law – Ben-Gvir has convictions for incitement to racism, destroying property, possessing a "terror" organisation's propaganda material and supporting a "terror" organisation – Meir Kahane's outlawed Kach group, whose founder advocated for expelling non-Jews from Israel and which Ben-Gvir joined when he was 16. He frequently carries out anti-Palestinian acts, including regularly storming the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound in occupied East Jerusalem's Old City, Islam's third holiest site, alongside Israeli settlers and under the protection of Israeli forces. The Flotilla Activists: International Aid Efforts to Gaza This refers primarily to the Gaza aid flotillas – groups of boats carrying activists from different countries which have set out across the Mediterranean in an attempt to deliver aid and raise awareness at various times since October 2023, when Israel launched its brutal assault on the Gaza Strip, which has killed more than 72,000 Palestinians, mostly civilians. The modern flotilla movement emerged in 2006 during Israel's war on Lebanon and expanded after Israel imposed its blockade on Gaza in 2007. Since then, hundreds of vessels organised by international solidarity groups have attempted to reach the territory, carrying humanitarian aid and activists. In 2008, two boats from the Free Gaza Movement became the first to successfully reach Gaza by sea despite the blockade. But since 2010, Israeli forces have intercepted nearly every flotilla in international waters. On Tuesday, at least 430 activists from more than 46 countries were abducted during Israeli interceptions of the latest flotilla. The Video: Ben-Gvir's Taunting of Detained Activists In the video released on Wednesday, a woman approaches the minister and says in English, "Free Palestine!" before masked security officers put their hands on her head as they snap it down and push her away. "Good job," Ben-Gvir says to the officers, before stating, "Welcome to Israel. We are the landowners here; that is how it should be." Activists are then seen on their knees with their heads on the ground and arms tied behind their backs in "stress positions" as the figures of armed Israeli security officers look down on them from atop shipping containers. Ben-Gvir, waving an Israeli flag and heavily protected by security personnel, can be seen weaving in between the activists, appearing to relish the moment as he taunts them. International Response: Global Condemnation of Israel's Actions Several countries, including Italy, France, the Netherlands and Canada, have summoned Israeli ambassadors to their capitals to express their "indignation" over Israel's treatment of the abducted Gaza flotilla activists and to demand the release of their citizens. French Foreign Minister Jean-Noel Barrot also denounced Ben-Gvir's actions as "unacceptable", calling for the release of French citizens "as soon as possible". Canadian Foreign Minister Anita Anand called the incident "deeply troubling". United Kingdom Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper said the video showed "totally disgraceful scenes". "The images of Israeli Minister Ben Gvir are unacceptable. It is unacceptable that these protesters, including many Italian citizens, are subjected to this treatment that violates their human dignity," Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni said in a statement on X. Previous Treatment of Activists: A Pattern of Controversy In May 2010, when Israeli commandos stormed the Turkish ship Mavi Marmara, 10 activists were killed and dozens were wounded. Allegations of mistreatment by activists who have been brought to Israel after naval interceptions have been common, and organisers say they fear sanctions and accusations of Hamas links are being used to justify further crackdowns. The concerns come amid previous allegations by activists of abuse, including sexual abuse, during past interceptions by Israeli officials. Organisers have also accused Israeli naval forces of firing "rubber bullets" at activists during the latest interception, which occurred in international waters. Many activists who have previously been detained have been eager to point out that the focus should be on Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails who are subjected to torture and do not have the option to be deported. In 2025, high-profile activist Greta Thunberg, who was on board a previous flotilla, told Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet that activists had been beaten, kicked and threatened with being gassed in cages. Palestinian Prisoners: The Broader Context of Detention Nearly 10,000 Palestinians are currently being held in Israeli prisons in Israel and in the occupied territory, according to the prisoners' rights group Addameer. Some 3,532 of them are administrative detainees – people held without charge or trial – while 342 are children. Israel is the only country in the world that tries children in military courts, often denying them their basic rights. Palestinians detained in Israeli prisons suffer near-constant dehumanising treatment by guards and soldiers. Under a new law passed this year and spearheaded by Ben-Gvir, military courts are now able to impose the death penalty on Palestinians convicted of killing Israelis in acts of "terror". This law will not impose the same penalty on Jewish Israelis convicted of killing Palestinians, which reinforces the legal inequalities that grant privileges to Jewish citizens while targeting Palestinians.

The Veto on Palantir's £50m Policing ContractLondon Mayor Sadiq Khan has intervened to block a flagship £50m deal between the Metropolitan Police and the controversial US data analytics firm Palantir. The decision, made by the Mayor’s Office for Policing and Crime (Mopac), was driven by a "clear and serious breach" of procurement rules, effectively halting the Met's plans to use Palantir's AI to automate intelligence analysis in criminal investigations.Procurement Breaches and Cost ConcernsThe blockage highlights significant administrative failures in the Met's approach. Mopac found that the force had engaged with only one potential supplier, Palantir, rather than testing the market to ensure value for money.Financial Discrepancy: The Met originally costed the contract at £15m-£25m a year, but the proposed deal was at the top of that range.Legal Risks: Deputy Mayor Kaya Comer-Schwartz warned the process created "legal and reputation risks" for both the Met and the Mayor.Previous Controversy: A previous trial of Palantir's AI to monitor officer behavior was awarded directly without open competition.Political Values vs. Public Safety EfficiencyThe decision reflects a growing tension between the efficiency of AI tools and the political values of public procurement. Palantir, co-founded by Peter Thiel and linked to the Trump administration and ICE, has faced intense scrutiny over its work with the NHS (£330m contract) and the Ministry of Defence.While other forces like Bedfordshire Police have praised Palantir for helping dismantle organized crime gangs, Khan’s office emphasized that Londoners expect public money to go to companies that "share the values of our city."The Future of AI in UK Policing under Political ScrutinyKhan's move is a blow to the Labour government's push for AI in policing. Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood has called for police to "ramp up use of AI," and the government is investing £115m in a national "Police.AI" centre.However, this veto suggests that future contracts will face much higher hurdles. With public petitions and MP criticism mounting, the government may struggle to balance the drive for technological modernization with the political necessity of ethical procurement.