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The Rise of Nigeria's Digital Herbal Marketplace In Abuja, Nigeria, Oke Bola thought a fertility supplement she found online might help her conceive. Instead, within days of taking it, she struggled to breathe. Her experience reflects a growing online trade in unverified herbal remedies promoted across social media platforms. Bola, who is in her early 40s and has never had children, bought the supplement earlier this year and increased the recommended dosage, hoping for quicker results after hearing about it from friends and family. "I recognised the symptoms of asthma; the wheezing sound at night was familiar," she told Al Jazeera. "When I checked online, I realised it could be from the herbal medication." Her experience is not isolated. Across Nigeria, doctors and pharmacists report a surge in social media-driven self-medication, particularly involving unverified herbal products. This trend is worsening health outcomes, delaying treatment, and adding pressure to an already strained healthcare system serving about 230 million people. Nigeria's young, hyperconnected population increasingly uses digital platforms for health information and advice. But that access has also created what Dr Isaac Kolawole and Dr Fidelis describe as an "algorithmic apothecary" – an unregulated online marketplace where influencers and anonymous sellers promote remedies directly to consumers with little or no scientific backing. Health Impacts of Unverified Herbal Remedies Within this ecosystem, herbal remedies, long part of Nigeria's medical and cultural landscape, are increasingly repackaged as miracle cures, sometimes with dangerous consequences. Doctors report more patients arriving at hospitals only when their conditions have significantly worsened, often after prolonged use of unverified treatments. A consultant nephrologist at the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Dr Yemi Raji, said herbal medicine continues to play a role in kidney disease cases in Nigeria. "When you take herbal medication, you are taking both the good and the bad," he said. "Patients often arrive late, when treatment is more difficult and expensive." Dialysis alone can cost between 50,000 and 100,000 naira ($36-72) per session, several times a week. Studies link herbal use to kidney and liver disease cases across Africa, including findings that about 46 percent of liver disease admissions in one Nigerian hospital involved herbs or roots. A 2022 study found that 76.65 percent of participants had used herbal medicine, with more than a third combining herbal and conventional treatments while 82.44 percent did not inform their doctors. The Algorithmic Amplification Effect On a smartphone screen, relief is just a click away: fertility tonics, eye drops promising restored vision, syrups claiming to "flush out" disease. The advertisements are polished, persuasive and constant, woven into TikTok, Facebook, Instagram and X feeds. "The platforms themselves amplify this effect," said Dr Egemba Chinonso Fidelis, a public health advocate known online as Aproko Doctor. "Their algorithms reward engaging content and push it to wider audiences." Even users who try to avoid such content often encounter it repeatedly, shaped by emotional storytelling, music and urgency-driven messaging. A 2025 Nigeria-based study on Jinja Herbal Mixture found it appeared safe for short-term use within tested dosage ranges, but researchers recorded biochemical changes at higher doses, including altered creatinine and sodium levels in test subjects, signs of possible kidney and liver stress. The study called for further research into long-term effects and interactions with conventional medicines. Regulatory Challenges in the Digital Age The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) says it is working to track unregistered manufacturers, but enforcement remains difficult, especially online. "With the sheer volume of products online, enforcement has limited reach," said Isaac Kolawole, the southwest zonal director of NAFDAC. Many sellers use fake or incomplete addresses, making them difficult to trace. NAFDAC requires strict registration, testing and approval before herbal products can be sold or advertised, but regulation has not kept pace with online commerce. Fidelis argued that stronger regulation alone is not enough. "If there are no consequences for lying about healthcare online, people will keep doing it," he said. He noted that scammers have even used AI-generated versions of his image to promote fake products. "Real medicine does not promise to cure everything, and it does not rely on countdowns," he added. "Scammers do." Path Forward for Safer Digital Health As Nigeria's digital economy expands, the intersection of technology and healthcare will only grow more complex. Fidelis stressed that access to affordable healthcare must improve, public trust must be rebuilt, and digital platforms must take responsibility for the health content they amplify. Pharmacist Akinade Akinlolu noted that while conditions like diabetes and hypertension can be managed, online claims often suggest cures. "Economic pressure is also pushing people towards cheaper or 'miracle' alternatives," he added. "Without stronger safeguards," Fidelis warned, "the algorithmic apothecary will continue to grow and put more people at risk." The challenge for Nigeria's healthcare system is to harness the power of digital platforms while ensuring they promote evidence-based care rather than potentially harmful alternatives.

The Lebanese Army's Capacity in Question The Lebanese army is reportedly 'overly stretched' as it attempts to fight off the latest Israeli invasion. This development has raised concerns about the army's ability to defend the country's sovereignty effectively. Details of the Invasion The Israeli invasion has put immense pressure on the Lebanese army, which has been struggling with resources and capacity issues. The army's ability to respond to the invasion has been questioned by various sources. Regional Implications The ongoing conflict between Lebanon and Israel has significant implications for regional stability. The international community is closely monitoring the situation, with concerns about the potential for escalation. Future Outlook The Lebanese army's response to the invasion will be crucial in determining the outcome of the conflict. The situation remains volatile, with a high risk of further escalation.

The Zen Attitude of North London: Fans Prioritize History Over GloryThe streets of Holloway, usually bustling with daily life, fell into a tense silence on Saturday afternoon, only to erupt in celebration moments later as Arsenal walked onto the pitch for the Champions League final. However, the defining narrative of the evening was not the result on the field, but the psychological state of the supporters. Unlike previous generations burdened by the weight of near-misses, this cohort of Gooners approached the match with a 'zen' attitude, expressing contentment regardless of the outcome.Atmosphere in Holloway: A City in Celebration ModeThe atmosphere around the Emirates stadium was electric, with pubs like the Victoria Tavern at full capacity and local businesses adapting to the occasion. A creative touch on the Holloway Road saw an Argos sign modified to read 'Ar-senal,' symbolizing the community's embrace of the team. The mood was one of collective pride rather than desperate anxiety. Kai Havertz gave the team a dream start with a goal just five minutes in, but the fans remained calm, understanding that the season's narrative had already been rewritten.Scene: North London streets quiet until Arsenal walked onto the pitch.Support: Fans traveled from Paris, Ghana, and across the UK to celebrate.Signage: Local businesses adapted to the event, including the Argos sign modification.Historical Context: The Weight of a 22-Year DroughtThe 'zen' attitude stems from the resolution of a 22-year wait for the Premier League title. For fans like Lucy, a 30-year supporter, the achievement of winning the league was the pinnacle of the season. The loss in the shootout to Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) was viewed as a secondary disappointment to the historic league win. This perspective highlights a significant shift in fan psychology, where the tangible reward of a league title outweighs the intangible glory of a European cup.Cultural Shift: The Rise of a Mature FanbaseThe resilience displayed by fans like Jack Devonport and Issac from Ghana illustrates a maturation of the Arsenal fanbase. Having witnessed past heartbreaks, including cup finals and heavy defeats, the current generation views the season as a complete success. The ability to be 'happy either way' suggests a psychological fortitude that allows the club to move forward without the crippling fear of failure that has haunted the club in previous decades.Future Outlook: Building on a Foundation of ResilienceArsenal's ability to secure the league title despite a challenging season sets a strong foundation for future ambitions. The fanbase's acceptance of the Champions League final result, coupled with the joy of the league win, indicates a sustainable model for club success. As the club looks to build on this season, the psychological barrier of 'almost' has been broken, paving the way for a new era of competitive stability.

Internet Blackout Flickers Back: The Human Toll After 88 DaysAt about 5 pm on Tuesday, the first wave of messages, images and poems broke through Iran’s near‑total internet blackout that began on 8 January. While many celebrated the return of any connection, the tone was dominated by scepticism, anxiety and grief.Partial Restoration Triggers Mixed Reactions Across IranFirst‑hand accounts illustrate the emotional split:Ellie, 42, an artist from Tehran, described lighting a cigarette, playing SoundCloud and crying, calling the glimpse of connectivity “a small taste of a much greater freedom.”Maryam, a photographer, called the celebrations “nauseating” and warned that the internet is a basic right, not a regime achievement.Mina, 23, a recently arrested protester, warned that the limited return could be a prelude to expanded surveillance, dubbing it “filternet.”Other voices, from students posting “Hello, fellow prisoners” to diaspora activists monitoring loved‑ones, echoed a blend of relief and dread.Scale of Disruption: Numbers Behind the BlackoutDuration: 88 days of near‑total outage.Start date: 8 January – imposed to crush nationwide anti‑government protests.Partial lifts: Gradual restoration in February, a second blackout after late‑February US/Israeli strikes, and the latest limited connectivity on 30 May 2026.Access cost: VPNs became “rocketing” in price, leaving most citizens in digital isolation.Why the Partial Return Deepens Political and Social StrainThe limited connectivity does not signal a liberalisation of digital rights. Instead, it reveals a strategic use of the internet as a tool of control:Regime supporters applauded the government, framing the partial lift as a victory.Iranians on the ground reported that essential services—mobile internet, WhatsApp—remain largely unusable, hampering work and communication.The national security council’s recent approval of “Internet Pro”—a restricted, sector‑specific service—suggests a move toward monitored, commercial‑grade connectivity rather than open access.Diaspora observers noted heightened anxiety over possible surveillance, with many fearing that the restored channels will be used to track dissent.What the Next Phase of “Internet Pro” Could Mean for IraniansAnalysts warn that the rollout of Internet Pro may cement a two‑tiered digital landscape: a limited, state‑approved network for businesses and a heavily throttled, surveilled channel for the general public. If the regime expands this model, the following outcomes are plausible:Increased reliance on costly VPNs and satellite links for uncensored communication.Further erosion of trust in online platforms, driving more citizens to offline or encrypted alternatives.Potential escalation of international pressure as human‑rights groups highlight the disparity between “partial restoration” and genuine freedom of expression.For now, the flicker of connectivity serves as a stark reminder that “what truly came back online is our misery, not freedom.”

The Alarming Trend of Youth Unemployment A recent report has highlighted the growing concern of young people struggling to find employment, with many experts warning of a 'lost generation'. The issue has significant implications for the economy and society as a whole. The Current State of Youth Unemployment The current state of youth unemployment is a pressing concern, with many young people facing significant challenges in securing employment. According to recent statistics, the number of young people out of work has increased dramatically, with many experts attributing this trend to a combination of factors, including a lack of skills, a mismatch between education and the job market, and a broader economic downturn. The Consequences of Inaction If left unchecked, the consequences of inaction on youth unemployment could be severe. A 'lost generation' of young people could lead to a range of negative outcomes, including increased poverty, social unrest, and a decline in economic productivity. Furthermore, the long-term effects of unemployment on young people's mental and physical health could be devastating. The Need for Urgent Action To address the issue of youth unemployment, governments, businesses, and educators must work together to develop effective solutions. This could include initiatives such as job training programs, apprenticeships, and education reform. The need for urgent action is clear, and it is only through a concerted effort that we can hope to mitigate the effects of youth unemployment and ensure that young people have the opportunity to succeed.

The Champions League Final Disappointment Mikel Arteta spoke of his heartache after a skied penalty from Gabriel Magalhães in the shootout against Paris Saint-Germain ended Arsenal’s hopes of being crowned European champions for the first time. Despite a strong performance, Arsenal were unable to secure the win, with PSG ultimately prevailing in the penalty shootout. Arteta's Post-Match Reaction Arteta was booked for his protests after Noni Madueke tangled with Nuno Mendes. He then watched David Raya pull off a brilliant save from Mendes in the shootout after Eberechi Eze had put his spot-kick wide. It came down to Arsenal’s fifth penalty from Gabriel and the Brazilian was inconsolable after sending his effort over the bar. The Emotional Toll of Defeat "Pain, that's it," said Arteta when asked to sum up his emotions. "When you are so close in the competition, and you are a few penalties away from winning the biggest club competition, that's the way we should feel." He added: "First of all you have to go through that pain, digest it, and turn it into fuel. To improve and to reach a different level, because it would demand a different level with the quality around Europe." The Referee's Controversial Decision Arteta was disappointed that the German referee, Daniel Siebert, decided against awarding a penalty when Madueke went down in the area under pressure from Mendes. "I watched all the penalties in the competition in the last 72 hours, but that easily can be a penalty," he said. "It is not what happened and that's it. We will have to improve to try and get a different outcome." The Future Outlook Declan Rice admitted coming so close was a difficult pill to swallow but backed Arsenal to bounce back. "We will try to take some perspective from how far we have come as a group," the England midfielder said. "Some of the best teams ever have lost on penalties in finals. It's cruel, but that's football. The manager has told us how much he loves us as a group. This is only the start for us."

The LeadFormer and current workers on Married at First Sight UK have come forward with allegations of a "toxic" production culture that placed an "unhealthy" focus on whether cast members were having sex, adding to the growing controversy surrounding the hit Channel 4 reality show. These claims emerge after multiple female cast members alleged they were raped by their on-screen partners, with a third woman claiming she was the victim of a nonconsensual sexual act.The Production Culture RevelationsAccording to reports from the BBC, former crew member Soraya Spiers described the culture on the show as "toxic from the top down." She specifically criticized the emphasis on sex as "unhealthy," noting that unlike real-life dating where individuals can leave uncomfortable situations, cast members on the show face greater pressure to comply with expectations."On the wedding night, there's an expectation, for those of us who were working on the show, that you should get some sort of hint if the couples are going to sleep together," Spiers said. "Even though they've only known each other for two seconds by that point."Another anonymous former staff member revealed that senior producers would express concerns if couples were not having sex, stating "it wasn't good for storylines." Additional concerns were raised about cast members having access to excessive alcohol during production.The Industry ImpactThe allegations have sparked significant debate within the TV industry about whether the Married at First Sight format, with its expectation of rapid intimacy, can guarantee the safety and wellbeing of participants. Several former contributors and staff have expressed doubts about the show's ability to maintain appropriate boundaries in its current format.Channel 4 has responded by launching two separate investigations: one focused on the show's handling of the complaints it received, and another examining whether welfare protocols should be changed for future productions. The broadcaster emphasized that "contributor welfare is always our primary concern across all productions."The production company CPL, which creates the show, has defended its practices, stating they have "gold-standard welfare policies" and that contributors are "not pressured in any way or expected to be intimate." CPL also claimed to have an "alcohol protocol" with clear guidance on consumption, though former workers dispute the effectiveness of these measures.The Future of Reality TV ProductionAs investigations continue, the Married at First Sight controversy may prompt broader changes in how reality TV productions approach participant welfare, particularly in shows that involve intimate relationships and rapid emotional connections. The industry may face increased pressure to implement more robust safeguarding measures and to reconsider formats that potentially exploit vulnerable participants for entertainment value.The revelations also highlight the growing accountability of broadcasters and production companies for creating safe working environments, both for cast members and production staff. As the investigations unfold, the outcomes could set precedents for how similar reality shows are produced and regulated in the future.

The Core Question: Can Trump's Playbook End the Iran War?The Guardian’s latest video probes whether the tactics that defined Donald Trump's foreign‑policy successes could be repurposed to halt the escalating war between Iran and its regional adversaries. It frames the discussion around three pillars: Trump’s personal diplomacy, his "maximum pressure" approach, and the willingness to broker deals outside traditional diplomatic channels.Trump's Negotiation Playbook: Tactics That Shaped Past DealsPersonalized Direct Talks: Trump often bypassed bureaucratic layers, meeting leaders face‑to‑face (e.g., North Korea’s Kim Jong‑un in 2018).Maximum Pressure Campaign: Heavy sanctions combined with the threat of military force to force concessions.Deal‑Or‑No‑Deal Stance: Clear, binary outcomes that pressured opponents to choose quickly.These elements produced the U.S.–Mexico‑Canada Agreement and the Abraham Accords, but also left critics questioning long‑term stability.Financial and Military Costs of the Iran ConflictU.S. defense spending on Middle‑East operations in 2025: $12.4 billion.Estimated regional infrastructure damage in Iran and neighboring states: $8 billion (World Bank, 2026).Humanitarian toll: over 15,000 civilian casualties reported by the UN as of May 2026.These figures underscore the urgency for a diplomatic breakthrough.Geopolitical Ripple Effects of a Trump‑Style DealA Trump‑inspired settlement could reshape alliances. By offering Iran relief from sanctions in exchange for verifiable nuclear limits, the U.S. might regain leverage in the Gulf, but could also alienate traditional partners like Saudi Arabia and Israel, who fear a weakened deterrent posture.Future Outlook: Scenarios for the Next Five YearsOptimistic Scenario: A limited agreement mirrors the 2020 Abraham Accords, leading to a phased de‑escalation and gradual reintegration of Iran into the global economy.Pessimistic Scenario: Reliance on coercive pressure without a clear diplomatic pathway deepens mistrust, prolonging the conflict.Analysts suggest that any successful application of Trump’s playbook would require a hybrid approach—combining pressure with credible incentives—while navigating the complex web of regional politics.

The Battle for Content Ownership: CNN Sues PerplexityUnited States news channel CNN has initiated a federal lawsuit against Perplexity in New York, alleging that the AI search engine provider is unlawfully distributing its copyrighted content. This legal action marks a significant escalation in the ongoing conflict between traditional media and the rapidly evolving generative AI sector.Allegations of Unlawful Content DistributionThe complaint, filed on Thursday, alleges that Perplexity unlawfully copied thousands of CNN stories, videos, and images to power its products. The lawsuit claims the company distributes "identical or substantially similar" content, effectively repurposing original reporting without permission. CNN is seeking an unspecified amount of monetary damages and a court order to block Perplexity from violating intellectual property rights.The High-Stakes Economics of AI DataThis legal battle centers on the valuation of data versus the protection of creative work. Perplexity, valued at tens of billions of dollars, has defended its practices by stating, "You can’t copyright facts." However, CNN argues that while facts may not be copyrightable, the specific reporting, curation, and presentation of news are protected by copyright law. The lawsuit emphasizes that Perplexity exploits the economic incentives that make original newsgathering possible.Shifting the Paradigm of AI TrainingThis case is not isolated; it is part of a broader industry trend. Since the launch of OpenAI’s ChatGPT in 2022, news publishers have faced existential threats regarding their content being scraped for training large language models. CNN's lawsuit joins a growing list of high-stakes cases brought against AI firms, including The New York Times, Reddit, and Dow Jones. Consequently, many news firms are now pivoting toward signing licensing deals and partnerships with Big Tech to ensure verified access and compensation.The Future of AI-News IntegrationThe outcome of this lawsuit will likely set a precedent for how AI companies handle copyrighted material. As legal challenges mount, the industry is moving away from "scraping" and toward "licensing." We can expect a future where AI search engines must pay for access to premium news content, fundamentally changing the revenue models of digital media.