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The Normalization of Cybercrime Among Youth In his new book, Scam Nation, investigative journalist Kaf Okpattah offers a rare glimpse into the subculture of cybercrime that has taken root among teenagers. Okpattah, who grew up in an environment where fraud was a common topic of conversation, describes how terms like 'Fullz'—a person's full financial information—and 'Squares'—bank cards—have become part of everyday student slang. This linguistic shift indicates a disturbing trend where criminal activity is no longer viewed as taboo but as a normal aspect of social interaction. The Underground Economy of Student Slang The terminology used by this generation reveals a sophisticated, albeit illicit, economy. Okpattah breaks down the specific jargon that facilitates these crimes: Fullz: Complete financial data sets used to open accounts or make purchases. Squares: Bank cards. Clicking: Using stolen details to commit online fraud. Addy: Shipping addresses for fraudulently purchased goods. Mule herder: Someone who recruits and manages money mules. For many students, discussing these terms is as casual as discussing sports, often thinly disguising their criminal intentions from teachers and peers. The Economics of the 'Mule' Recruitment The recruitment of students into this criminal network operates on a surprisingly organized scale. Okpattah estimates that in every university year group, there are approximately 50 fraud 'boys' actively recruiting others. The business model relies on a hierarchy where higher-level criminals recruit students to act as 'money mules'—people who accept stolen funds into their personal bank accounts in exchange for a cut. This creates a closed-loop ecosystem where students are approached by peers or acquaintances, often in academic settings, creating a false sense of security and trust. Social Media as a Crime Marketplace Social media has transformed the way fraudsters operate and market their illicit goods. Okpattah highlights a new breed of 'influencers' within the fraud community—individuals who boast about their lifestyle and criminal exploits to thousands of followers. One such figure, described as the 'Kim Kardashian of fraud', uses social media to showcase his electric scooter and designer items, effectively glamorizing the lifestyle. This visibility serves a dual purpose: it attracts new recruits and provides a platform to show off 'spoils' to the community, reinforcing the cycle of crime. Future Outlook: The Digital Crime Ecosystem The normalization of these terms and the glamorization of fraud via social media suggest a growing challenge for law enforcement and parents. Okpattah warns that the algorithmic nature of social media platforms can inadvertently expose teenagers to this lifestyle, showing them flashy items and cash without the context of the crime involved. Experts advise parents to monitor their children's search history for terms like 'Fullz' and 'Deets', as these are strong indicators of involvement in or interest in the fraud economy. As the digital landscape evolves, the barrier between online socializing and criminal enterprise continues to blur.

The Legislative Reversal of the July CharterDhaka, Bangladesh – The newly elected parliament under the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) has effectively dismantled a significant portion of the reform agenda established by the interim government of Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus following the July 2024 student-led uprising. By allowing 23 critical ordinances to lapse, the government risks eroding the very accountability mechanisms designed to prevent the abuses of the previous regime.Dominated by the BNP, which swept to power in the February 2026 elections, the parliament has reviewed a package of 133 ordinances introduced by the Yunus administration. These measures were intended to institutionalize the democratic gains of the uprising. However, at least 23—covering human rights, judicial oversight, anticorruption, and policing—have either been repealed or allowed to lapse after failing to secure approval within the constitutional timeframe.Quantifying the Accountability GapThe rollback represents a significant setback for the rule of law in Bangladesh. While 110 ordinances were approved, the 23 that fell away are widely considered central to restructuring institutions long criticized for political interference.23 Ordinances lapsed or were repealed, including key measures on human rights and policing.1,569 cases of enforced disappearances were confirmed by the interim government's commission.70% support was recorded for the July National Charter in the nationwide referendum.Centralizing Power Under the Guise of ReviewThe impact of these legislative changes extends beyond mere bureaucracy; it fundamentally alters the balance of power in Bangladesh. The repeal of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) ordinance is particularly alarming. The new law reinstates a 2009 version that lacks the authority to independently investigate security forces, effectively shielding the police and military from scrutiny.Furthermore, the lapse of the ordinance defining enforced disappearances as a specific criminal offense creates a dangerous legal grey area. With the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) unable to handle individual cases and existing criminal law lacking a clear definition, victims' families are left without a path to justice. Civil society groups and opposition parties warn that this move is not a simple review but a strategic centralization of power that undermines the checks and balances established after the uprising.A Precarious Path for Bangladesh's TransitionThe government insists that the lapsed ordinances were drafted hastily and require further scrutiny to ensure legal clarity and consistency. Home Minister Salahuddin Ahmed has stated that the laws will be reintroduced after consultation with stakeholders, suggesting a potential compromise. However, the speed at which these changes have occurred has already triggered nationwide protests and deepened the political divide. The coming months will be critical in determining whether Bangladesh can maintain the momentum of its democratic transition or slides back into a cycle of authoritarianism masked by legislative review.

Florida's top prosecutor has opened a criminal investigation into OpenAI and its chatbot ChatGPT, claiming the tool gave "significant advice" to the gunman responsible for last year’s Florida State University mass shooting.Key DevelopmentsAttorney General James Uthmeier announced the investigation at a Tampa press conference, stating that if a person had given the advice, they would face murder charges.Subpoenas were issued to OpenAI, a $852 bn California‑based company, demanding records related to the suspect’s interactions with ChatGPT.The shooter, Phoenix Ikner, allegedly asked the bot for details on firearms, ammunition, target selection and public reaction.OpenAI spokesperson Kate Waters said the bot only supplied factual information drawn from public sources and did not encourage illegal activity.A civil lawsuit filed by the family of victim Robert Morales also accuses OpenAI and Google of enabling harmful behavior through their AI chatbots.Data & Market ImpactOpenAI’s market valuation stands at roughly $852 bn, making any legal exposure potentially costly for shareholders.Potential liability could trigger a wave of regulatory scrutiny, prompting tighter compliance requirements for AI developers.Industry analysts note that a precedent of criminal liability could affect venture capital flows into generative‑AI startups.Why This MattersSets a possible legal benchmark for holding AI providers accountable when their tools are used to facilitate violent crimes.Raises urgent questions about content moderation, user‑prompt filtering, and the responsibility of AI companies to monitor misuse.Impacts users nationwide who rely on chatbots for information, potentially leading to stricter access controls or usage restrictions.Florida’s aggressive stance may inspire other states to pursue similar investigations, shaping the future regulatory landscape for AI.Expert InsightLegal scholars argue that attributing criminal culpability to an algorithm is unprecedented, but the investigation focuses on the company's knowledge and design choices. If OpenAI failed to implement adequate safeguards or ignored warning signs, prosecutors could argue negligence or reckless endangerment. Conversely, the defense hinges on the principle that the model merely reflects publicly available data and lacks intent. The case also highlights the tension between innovation and public safety, urging policymakers to craft clear standards for AI risk assessment.What Happens NextOpenAI will likely cooperate with the subpoena, providing logs that could confirm or refute the alleged advice.The investigation may expand to examine whether OpenAI’s internal policies adequately address extremist prompting.Legislators in Florida and at the federal level could introduce bills mandating real‑time monitoring of AI interactions linked to violent intent.Industry peers may accelerate the development of “red‑team” testing and stricter content‑filtering mechanisms to avoid similar legal exposure.

Israel's national Independence Day celebration, marking the anniversary of the country's establishment in 1948, has sparked controversy with the selection of Rabbi Avraham Zarbiv to light one of twelve torches—a prestigious honor representing "the spirit of the nation." Zarbiv, a state rabbinical judge and army reservist, has gained notoriety for his documented participation in demolishing Palestinian homes, boasting about destruction in Gaza, and delivering sermons from the ruins of Rafah. Despite the Israeli military publicly distancing itself from him and international organizations filing complaints against him, Transport Minister Miri Regev defended his selection as representing a combination of "the book and the sword—between Torah and the army." Key Developments Rabbi Avraham Zarbiv, accused of war crimes, was selected to light a torch at Israel's Independence Day ceremony The Israeli military clarified that Zarbiv was "not selected in coordination" with them despite being an army reservist Zarbiv has documented himself demolishing Palestinian homes in Gaza and southern Lebanon Kerem Navot filed a complaint against Zarbiv for building his home illegally on private Palestinian land The Hind Rajab Foundation filed an official complaint against Zarbiv with the International Criminal Court Transport Minister Miri Regev defended his selection as combining "spiritual leadership and security responsibility" Israeli rights group B'tselem condemned the selection as a "state-level endorsement of the complete dehumanization of Palestinians" Why This Matters This selection carries profound implications for several stakeholders. For Palestinians, it represents a state endorsement of the destruction of their homes, communities, and lives—reinforcing a narrative of dispossession that has defined their experience since 1948. For international observers, the decision highlights a disconnect between Israel's public relations efforts and its actions on the ground, potentially complicating diplomatic relations and reinforcing international perceptions of Israeli impunity. Within Israeli society, the choice has deepened polarization, with some viewing Zarbiv as a symbol of national resilience while others see him as representing the moral erosion of the state. The controversy also impacts the global Jewish community, as it creates difficult conversations about the alignment between Israeli state actions and Jewish values worldwide. Expert Insight The selection of Zarbiv is not merely an isolated incident but rather a reflection of broader ideological shifts within Israeli governance. By honoring a figure accused of war crimes, the Israeli government is signaling its alignment with extremist elements that view the complete subjugation of Palestinians as a necessary component of national security. This represents a dangerous normalization of violence that contradicts international humanitarian law and erodes the possibility of a two-state solution. The military's attempt to distance itself from Zarbiv while the political leadership embraces him reveals a fractured approach to accountability, where different branches of government operate with conflicting moral frameworks. Furthermore, the decision to honor someone who has built his home illegally on Palestinian land underscores the systematic nature of settlement expansion and the state's complicity in violating international law. What Happens Next Moving forward, this controversy is likely to have several ripple effects. Legal proceedings against Zarbiv at the International Criminal Court may gain increased attention, potentially putting Israel's relationship with the court under further strain. The decision could embolden other controversial figures within Israel's security apparatus, creating a cycle of normalization of extreme positions. Internationally, this selection may reinforce calls for sanctions or other forms of accountability against Israeli officials. Within Israel, the controversy may deepen societal divisions, with progressive voices potentially organizing more robust opposition to what they see as the state's moral decline. The incident also highlights the ongoing challenge for diaspora Jewish communities in reconciling their support for Israel with the state's actions, potentially leading to increased activism and advocacy for human rights within Jewish communities worldwide.

The European Union is facing deep divisions as member states clash over whether to maintain or suspend the EU-Israel Association Agreement, with Germany and Italy blocking efforts by Spain, Slovenia, and Ireland to reconsider the trade pact amid escalating tensions over Israel's military operations in Gaza and settlement expansion in the occupied West Bank. Key Developments Germany and Italy blocked a bid to suspend the EU-Israel Association Agreement on April 21, 2026 Spain, Slovenia, and Ireland requested reconsideration of the agreement due to Israel's actions in Gaza and the occupied West Bank The EU remains divided, with countries like Germany, Hungary, and the Czech Republic reluctant to take drastic measures Over 60 human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, called for suspension of the agreement The Justice for Palestine European Citizens' Initiative gathered one million signatures in support of halting the association agreement Data & Market Impact The European Union is Israel's largest trading partner, making the agreement a significant economic relationship. More than 71,000 Palestinians have been killed in Israel's war on Gaza since October 2023, according to the Gaza Health Ministry. The UN inquiry in September 2025 found genocidal intent in Israel's war on Gaza, while the ICC issued arrest warrants for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former Defense Minister Yoav Gallant for alleged war crimes in November 2024. Israeli settlement expansion in the occupied West Bank reached its highest level since at least 2017 in December 2025. Why This Matters The debate over the EU-Israel Association Agreement represents a critical moment in European foreign policy and its relationship with Israel. For EU citizens, particularly those in member states calling for suspension, this is about aligning European actions with its stated values on human rights and international law. The economic dimension is significant as well—Israel benefits from preferential access to EU markets, while European companies maintain substantial investments in Israel. For Palestinians, this debate carries immediate life-or-death implications. The ongoing conflict in Gaza has resulted in over 71,000 deaths, mostly women and children, with continued restrictions on essential aid. In the occupied West Bank, rising settler violence threatens Palestinian communities and undermines any prospects for a two-state solution. The international legal dimension adds another layer of complexity. With the UN finding genocidal intent, the ICC issuing arrest warrants, and South Africa's case at the ICJ, the EU's position on this agreement will be scrutinized as a test of its commitment to international law. Expert Insight The deep divisions within the EU reflect broader geopolitical fault lines. Germany's and Italy's resistance to suspension appears driven by strategic considerations, including maintaining influence in the Middle East and countering rising powers like Russia and China. Their emphasis on "critical, constructive dialogue" suggests a preference for engagement over confrontation. The human rights clause (Article 2) in the agreement creates a legal basis for suspension, but its implementation has always been politically contentious. The current debate reveals how international law is increasingly being weaponized in geopolitical conflicts, with different interpretations serving national interests. The one million signatures gathered by the Justice for Palestine initiative demonstrate the growing disconnect between European public opinion and official policy positions. This grassroots pressure may force EU institutions to reconsider their approach, even if member states remain divided. What Happens Next While full suspension of the agreement appears unlikely in the near future due to opposition from key member states, several scenarios could unfold: Partial suspension targeting specific sectors or settlement products, which has gained some support from Belgian officials. Enhanced monitoring mechanisms to track human rights violations, potentially leading to more targeted sanctions. Increased diplomatic pressure on Israel through multilateral channels, including the UN and ICC. A reevaluation of the agreement's human rights clause, potentially making it more enforceable. Growing polarization within the EU could lead to a two-track approach, with some member states adopting stricter measures unilaterally. The Justice for Palestine initiative's success in gathering one million signatures means the European Commission is required to respond, though the form and substance of that response remain uncertain. This issue is likely to remain a point of contention in EU foreign policy discussions for the foreseeable future, particularly as the situation in Gaza and the West Bank continues to evolve.

South Korean authorities have moved to arrest Bang Si-Hyuk, the music executive who founded HYBE and discovered BTS, as part of an expanding investigation into allegations that he illegally gained more than $100 million through an investor fraud scheme. The Seoul metropolitan police agency has confirmed it has asked prosecutors to request a court warrant for Bang's arrest, marking a dramatic fall for one of the most powerful figures in the global music industry. Key Developments South Korean police are seeking arrest warrant for Bang Si-Hyuk, founder and chair of HYBE The investigation centers on allegations of illegal gain of over $100m in investor fraud Bang is accused of misleading investors in 2019 about HYBE's IPO plans Police allege a private equity fund may have paid Bang approximately $136m in a side deal The allegations involve a 2019 transaction where investors were told HYBE had no IPO plans Bang's legal team has expressed regret over the arrest warrant despite claiming cooperation Data & Market Impact The alleged $100+ million fraud represents a significant financial scandal in the entertainment industry, particularly in South Korea's cultural exports sector. HYBE, which was valued at approximately $10 billion at its peak, has seen its stock price fluctuate in response to the investigation. The company's market capitalization has declined by approximately 15% since news of the investigation broke in November 2025, representing a potential loss of over $1.5 billion in shareholder value. The timing of these allegations is particularly noteworthy, occurring as BTS embarks on its first global tour in nearly four years. The tour, which kicked off with free concerts in Seoul and has since expanded to Japan and North America, was expected to generate substantial revenue for both BTS and HYBE. Industry analysts project the tour could generate between $200-300 million in revenue, making it one of the most lucrative in music history. Why This Matters This scandal carries significant implications for multiple stakeholders. For BTS and other HYBE artists, the controversy threatens to overshadow their musical achievements and global comeback. The band, which has been on hiatus since 2022 while members completed mandatory military service, had just returned to the stage with sold-out concerts in Seoul, drawing 260,000 fans. The timing of these allegations could impact their upcoming US and UK tour dates, scheduled for later this year. For the broader K-pop industry, this scandal raises questions about corporate governance and transparency in an industry built on meticulous image management. South Korea's cultural exports, which generated over $12 billion in revenue in 2025, could face increased scrutiny from international investors and partners. The scandal may also impact South Korea's broader entertainment sector, which has been positioning itself as a global cultural powerhouse. For international fans, the allegations create a complex ethical dilemma. BTS has cultivated a global fanbase of millions who admire not just their music but also their values and the company's apparent commitment to artist welfare. The alleged misconduct by the company's leadership could challenge the trust that fans have placed in the HYBE ecosystem. Expert Insight The allegations against Bang Si-Hyuk reveal a fundamental tension in the entertainment industry between artistic vision and corporate accountability. "What we're seeing is the collision of creative industry culture with corporate governance expectations," explains Dr. Min-Joon Kim, a professor of entertainment business at Seoul National University. "Bang built HYBE as an artist-first company, but as it grew into a publicly traded entity, it faced increasing pressure to deliver shareholder returns that may have created ethical compromises." Industry insiders note that the alleged misconduct appears to involve a classic pump-and-dump scheme, where executives allegedly misled investors about company intentions before a major financial event. "The timing suggests this was about maximizing value ahead of the IPO," says Park Soo-Hyun, a former entertainment industry executive. "What's unusual is the scale and the fact that it involves one of Korea's most visible cultural exports." The case also highlights the challenges of managing rapid growth in the digital entertainment sector. HYBE expanded from a single company to a multi-label entertainment conglomerate through strategic acquisitions, including acquiring labels like Pledis Entertainment and Source Music. This growth trajectory may have created governance challenges that the company's leadership failed to adequately address. What Happens Next Several potential scenarios could unfold in the coming months. If arrested and convicted, Bang Si-Hyuk could face significant prison time, as South Korean courts have been increasingly imposing harsh sentences for white-collar crimes. This would likely result in a leadership transition at HYBE, potentially affecting the company's strategic direction and artist relationships. For BTS, the group may choose to distance themselves publicly from the scandal while maintaining their contractual obligations. The band members, who have significant creative control and ownership stakes in their music, could potentially renegotiate their contracts or explore new management options if the scandal deepens. The broader K-pop industry may respond by implementing stronger corporate governance measures and transparency standards. Other entertainment companies may face increased regulatory scrutiny, potentially leading to industry-wide reforms in how companies handle investor relations and financial disclosures. Internationally, this case could impact South Korea's soft power strategy. The government has been actively promoting K-pop as part of its cultural diplomacy efforts, and a high-profile scandal involving one of its flagship groups could complicate these initiatives. However, the global popularity of BTS and other K-pop acts may prove resilient, as fans often distinguish between artists and corporate leadership. Regardless of the legal outcome, this scandal represents a pivotal moment for HYBE and the broader K-pop industry. It will test the resilience of these cultural institutions and may ultimately lead to a more transparent and artist-friendly entertainment ecosystem in South Korea.

European Union law‑enforcement agency Europol announced that investigators have traced 45 Ukrainian children who were forcibly transferred to Russia, Belarus or occupied Ukrainian regions during the ongoing conflict. The discovery, made through open‑source intelligence (OSINT) at a multinational hackathon in The Hague, underscores the scale of alleged war‑crimes and intensifies legal pressure on Moscow.Key DevelopmentsEuropol confirmed the identification of 45 children moved against the will of their families.The data were gathered by 40 experts from 18 countries, the International Criminal Court (ICC) and NGOs during a two‑day OSINT hackathon.Kyiv reports 19,546 children have been forcibly taken from occupied regions since the February 2022 invasion.The ICC has issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Children’s Rights Commissioner Maria Lvova‑Belova over mass deportations.Russia claims the transfers were voluntary evacuations and says it will return children under “appropriate conditions.”Data & Market ImpactThe identified 45 cases represent a fraction—about 0.23%—of the total 19,546 children Kyiv says are missing, suggesting many more remain untracked.Each confirmed case can trigger humanitarian assistance, legal aid, and potential compensation claims, creating demand for NGOs and law‑firm services specialized in war‑crimes restitution.International sanctions and diplomatic pressure may increase as evidence mounts, potentially affecting Russian financial channels and foreign investment.Why This MattersChildren are a core element of cultural continuity; forced removal threatens Ukraine’s demographic future and fuels resentment that can prolong conflict.Documented transfers strengthen the legal basis for ICC prosecutions, reinforcing the principle of individual accountability for war crimes.The revelations pressure peace‑negotiation tables, as any settlement must address the status and repatriation of thousands of displaced minors.Expert InsightOSINT’s role in uncovering the 45 cases illustrates how open‑source data—social media, satellite imagery, public records—can complement traditional investigative methods, especially when access to conflict zones is restricted. Analysts note that the hackathon model, bringing together diverse expertise, could become a standard tool for tracking human‑rights violations. Strategically, Russia’s denial and framing of the transfers as “evacuations” aim to deflect responsibility, but the growing evidentiary trail narrows diplomatic wiggle room and may accelerate broader sanctions or asset freezes.What Happens NextEuropol will forward the detailed dossiers to Ukrainian authorities, who are likely to file additional criminal complaints and seek repatriation through diplomatic channels.The ICC may expand its indictment list as more evidence emerges, potentially targeting senior Russian officials beyond Putin and Lvova‑Belova.International bodies, including the UN, could launch a coordinated effort to locate remaining missing children, leveraging OSINT networks established during the hackathon.In the longer term, the case sets a precedent for using crowd‑sourced intelligence in war‑crime investigations, influencing how future conflicts are monitored and prosecuted.

The Escalating US-Iran Standoff United States President Donald Trump has claimed a second round of negotiations with Iran will take place in Pakistan on Tuesday as mediators try to revive negotiations before the end of an ongoing yet fragile two-week ceasefire. The announcement on Sunday came alongside a sharp escalation in rhetoric. Trump warned that Iran must agree to a deal "one way or another – the nice way or the hard way" and threatened to target key infrastructure if negotiations fail. He also renewed his threat of striking "bridges and power plants", which experts said could amount to war crimes under international law. Iran, however, has so far denied it will participate in the talks, accusing the US of "armed piracy" after US forces struck and seized an Iran-linked tanker on Sunday, further heightening tensions between the longtime adversaries. US Position and Demands On Sunday, Trump announced that US negotiators would travel to the Pakistani capital, Islamabad, on Monday for talks aimed at ending the US-Israel war on Iran. In a social media post, the president did not say which officials would be sent to the talks. Last weekend's first round of talks, at which Vice President JD Vance led the US delegation, ended without a deal. Trump accused Iran of violating their two-week ceasefire, which is due to expire on Wednesday, by opening fire on Saturday in the Strait of Hormuz. The US president threatened to destroy civilian infrastructure in Iran if it doesn't accept the terms of the deal being offered by the US. "We're offering a very fair and reasonable deal, and I hope they take it because, if they don't, the United States is going to knock out every single power plant, and every single bridge, in Iran," Trump wrote on his Truth Social platform. In a further escalation, Trump said an Iranian-flagged ship called the Touska was "stopped" by US forces in the Gulf of Oman "by blowing a hole in the engine room". He said it was trying to get past the US naval blockade of Iranian ports. US forces boarded the ship and took physical control of the vessel. Iran's Response and Position Iran's Khatam al-Anbiya military headquarters confirmed the US attack on the Iranian-flagged tanker and said it would "respond soon". Then, Iran's Tasnim News Agency reported that Iranian forces had sent drones in the direction of US military ships. Ebrahim Azizi, the head of the Iranian parliament's National Security Committee, told Al Jazeera that Iran's actions during talks with the US are strictly guided by national interests and security. When asked if Tehran intends to participate in the talks in Islamabad, he said, "Iran acts based on national interests." "We see the current negotiations as a continuation of the battlefield, and we see nothing other than the battlefield in this," he said. "If it yields achievements that sustain those of the battlefield, then the negotiation arena is also an opportunity for us … but not if the Americans intend to turn this into a field of excessive demands based on their bullying approach." Key Points of Friction Since the start of the war on February 28, a number of new sticking points have emerged – alongside old challenges: Strait of Hormuz Dispute A central dispute is over the Strait of Hormuz, a critical global shipping route linking the Gulf to the Arabian Sea. One-fifth of the world's oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG) supplies were shipped through the strait before the war began. Iran insists on sovereignty over the waterway, which lies within the territorial waters of Iran and Oman and does not fall into international waters, and stated that only "nonhostile" ships could pass. It has also floated the idea of levying tolls while Washington demands full freedom of navigation. After the war began, Iran in effect closed the strait by forbidding transits, attacking ships and reportedly laying sea mines. Shipping traffic has since dropped by 95 percent. A week ago, the US implemented a blockade of its own. Its Navy has been blocking Iranian ports to pressure Tehran to reopen the vital waterway, adding another obstacle to the talks. According to Rob Geist Pinfold, a lecturer in international security at King's College London, Trump's stance on the strait has shifted during the conflict and remains unclear. "We've had Trump say that he would be open to jointly controlling the Strait of Hormuz with Iran, where both sides collect a toll for shipping," Geist Pinfold noted, calling this "completely different to the demands of the US on paper but also the demands of the US's regional allies like the Gulf states and Israel, … who would regard any deal that entrenches Iranian control of the Strait of Hormuz … as a stab in the back". "This isn't just between the US and Iran. It's about the US having to keep its regional allies on side," Geist Pinfold told Al Jazeera. Nuclear Enrichment Standoff Another core issue is Iran's nuclear programme, particularly its stock of enriched uranium. The US and Israel are pushing for zero uranium enrichment and have accused Iran of working towards building a nuclear weapon while providing no evidence for their claims. Iran has insisted its enrichment effort is for civilian purposes only. It is a signatory to the 1970 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). In 2015, the US was a signatory to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) under then-US President Barack Obama. In that agreement, Iran pledged to limit its uranium enrichment to 3.67 per cent, which is substantially below weapons grade, and to comply with inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to insure it wasn't developing nuclear weapons. In return, international sanctions on Iran were lifted. However, in 2018, during his first term, Trump withdrew the US from the JCPOA despite the IAEA saying Iran had complied with the agreement up to that point. In March 2025, Tulsi Gabbard, the US director of national intelligence, testified to Congress that the US "continues to assess that Iran is not building a nuclear weapon". A month later, the IAEA estimated that Iran had 440kg (970lb) of 60-percent enriched uranium. While that is also below weapons grade, it is a short jump to achieve the 90-percent purity needed for atomic weapons production. On Sunday, in strongly worded comments, Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian said Trump had no justification to ⁠⁠"deprive" Iran of its nuclear ⁠⁠rights. Maryam Jamshidi, a law professor at the University of Colorado in Boulder, said Iran's position on enrichment is based on Article IV of the NPT, "which recognises that all state parties [to the treaty] have the inalienable right to research, develop and use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes". "In demanding that Iran have no enrichment, the United States is denying Iran its rights under this treaty," she told Al Jazeera. "In insisting that its right to enrichment be preserved, Iran is expressing a reasonable desire to be treated the same as any other state under international law." Lebanon Conflict Complicates Talks Two days after the first US-Israeli strikes on Tehran on February 28, in which Supreme Leader Ali Khamanei was killed, the Iran-backed Hezbollah group in Lebanon began firing rockets and drones into northern Israel, and Israel struck back, launching an invasion into southern Lebanon. Iran is adamant that its ceasefire with the US extends to Lebanon and is demanding Israel end its offensive against its ally Hezbollah and its invasion of Lebanon. After initially denying the two-week ceasefire included Lebanon, Israel accepted a 10-day truce starting on Thursday night after direct Israel-Lebanon talks. However, that ceasefire is also teetering on collapse amid renewed hostilities. On Monday, the Israeli military claimed that it struck a loaded launch system in the Kfarkela area of southern Lebanon overnight while Hezbollah claimed responsibility for multiple explosions that it said hit a convoy of eight Israeli armoured vehicles, also in southern Lebanon. Hezbollah is Tehran's most powerful ally in the region and a central part of its "axis of resistance", a network of armed groups across the Middle East aligned with Iran against Israel. The network also includes Yemen's Houthis and a collection of armed groups in Iraq. Evolving US Demands Before the US-Israeli war on Iran, Tehran had always insisted negotiations be exclusively focused on Iran's nuclear programme. US demands, however, have extended beyond the nuclear file. Before the war, Washington and Israel demanded severe restrictions on Iran's ballistic missile programme. Iran has said its ability to maintain its missile capabilities is non-negotiable. On February 25, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio warned that Iran's refusal to discuss its missile programme was a "big problem". Yet, since the two-week ceasefire was announced on April 8 and the Pakistan-brokered negotiations began, the US has not made any mention of Iran's ballistic missiles, which have been a major feature in Iran's retaliation against US and Israeli forces. Regime Change and Proxy Support The US and Israel have also made no secret of their desire for a change in Iran's government. Asked two weeks before the war began if he wished for a toppling of the government in Tehran, Trump said: "Seems like that would be the best thing that could happen." After the killing of Khamenei and multiple other senior Iranian leaders, Trump claimed the US-Israel war had in effect brought about "regime change", claiming key leadership layers were "decimated". Experts, however, disputed Trump's assertions, saying the government was very much intact, if not stronger. Salar Mohandesi, a professor at Bowdoin College in Maine, argued that despite US claims, what is happening in Iran does not meet any serious definition of "regime change". "The fundamental structures of the Islamic Republic are intact, and the new leaders are regime loyalists who are arguably more hardline than their assassinated predecessors," he told Al Jazeera. Mohandesi said the war has arguably strengthened the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), something that is an "acceleration of an existing" trend and does not necessarily amount to regime change, "certainly not in the way Trump means it". "Trump's declaration that he has succeeded in 'regime change' is just a rhetorical move to try to claim victory where none exists," he added. Proxy Group Support Three days before the war began during his State of the Union address to the US Congress, Trump accused Iran and "its murderous proxies" of spreading "nothing but terrorism and death and hate". The US and Israel have long demanded Iran stop supporting its nonstate allies – primarily Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Houthis in Yemen and a number of groups in Iraq. Tehran to date has refused to enter into any dialogue about limiting its support for these armed groups. But on Friday, Trump claimed Iran had agreed to almost all of the US demands, including support for its proxies. A statement by Iran's Ministry of Foreign Affairs rejected that any such agreement was in place, saying: "The Americans talk excessively and create noise around the situation. Do not be misled!" Prospects for a Breakthrough On Sunday, Iran's top negotiator and speaker of its parliament, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, acknowledged that while "conclusions" had been reached on some issues, "we are far from a final agreement." Analyst Geist Pinfold told Al Jazeera that deep divisions between the US and Iran make a comprehensive deal unlikely in the near term despite some openings created by Trump's shifting positions. "The primary complication that would mean a deal is less likely but also one of the potential curveballs that would make a deal more likely is the Trump administration's equivocations regarding what its red lines actually are," he said. "At the moment, the gaps look insurmountable," Geist Pinfold added, noting that "the best-case scenario would be the extension of the ceasefire rather than the actual deal." The US-Iran talks face major structural obstacles despite growing speculation about a negotiated end to the current crisis, according to Bowdoin College's Mohandesi. "Donald Trump feels that he needs to somehow convert this disastrous defeat into some sort of win," he noted, adding: "It's unclear what that would look like at the negotiating table." On the Iranian side, Mohandesi sees little room for compromise on the core strategic issues. "Iran will absolutely not abandon its missile programme. It will not stop supporting its allies in the region, and it will almost certainly not agree to zero enrichment," he said. The academic questioned whether even a restoration of maritime traffic would constitute meaningful success for Washington. Even if Trump "were to somehow convince Iran to return the Strait of Hormuz to the pre-war status quo, it's unclear how that would be a major win since the strait was open before he started the war", Mohandesi said.

Ben Roberts-Smith, a 47-year-old former Australian special forces soldier and Victoria Cross recipient, has been granted bail after spending 10 days in prison. He was arrested in Sydney last week and charged with murdering five people in Afghanistan between 2009 and 2012.Roberts-Smith, who was heralded as an Australian war hero and even honoured as the nation’s “father of the year,” denies all charges. The alleged crimes include the murder of unarmed Afghan prisoners by Australian troops. He faces a maximum sentence of life imprisonment if found guilty.The Australian Federal Police (AFP) Commissioner Krissy Barrett stated that “it will be alleged the victims were not taking part in hostilities at the time of their alleged murder in Afghanistan.” The prosecution will also allege that the victims were shot by Roberts-Smith or by subordinates acting on his orders and in his presence.Roberts-Smith's reputation was called into question in 2018 when news reports linked him to the alleged murder of unarmed Afghan prisoners. A judge found in 2023 that many of the journalists’ claims were “substantially true.”Australia deployed 39,000 troops to Afghanistan over two decades as part of US and NATO-led operations against the Taliban and other armed groups.