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The Rise of Nigeria's Digital Herbal Marketplace In Abuja, Nigeria, Oke Bola thought a fertility supplement she found online might help her conceive. Instead, within days of taking it, she struggled to breathe. Her experience reflects a growing online trade in unverified herbal remedies promoted across social media platforms. Bola, who is in her early 40s and has never had children, bought the supplement earlier this year and increased the recommended dosage, hoping for quicker results after hearing about it from friends and family. "I recognised the symptoms of asthma; the wheezing sound at night was familiar," she told Al Jazeera. "When I checked online, I realised it could be from the herbal medication." Her experience is not isolated. Across Nigeria, doctors and pharmacists report a surge in social media-driven self-medication, particularly involving unverified herbal products. This trend is worsening health outcomes, delaying treatment, and adding pressure to an already strained healthcare system serving about 230 million people. Nigeria's young, hyperconnected population increasingly uses digital platforms for health information and advice. But that access has also created what Dr Isaac Kolawole and Dr Fidelis describe as an "algorithmic apothecary" – an unregulated online marketplace where influencers and anonymous sellers promote remedies directly to consumers with little or no scientific backing. Health Impacts of Unverified Herbal Remedies Within this ecosystem, herbal remedies, long part of Nigeria's medical and cultural landscape, are increasingly repackaged as miracle cures, sometimes with dangerous consequences. Doctors report more patients arriving at hospitals only when their conditions have significantly worsened, often after prolonged use of unverified treatments. A consultant nephrologist at the University College Hospital in Ibadan, Dr Yemi Raji, said herbal medicine continues to play a role in kidney disease cases in Nigeria. "When you take herbal medication, you are taking both the good and the bad," he said. "Patients often arrive late, when treatment is more difficult and expensive." Dialysis alone can cost between 50,000 and 100,000 naira ($36-72) per session, several times a week. Studies link herbal use to kidney and liver disease cases across Africa, including findings that about 46 percent of liver disease admissions in one Nigerian hospital involved herbs or roots. A 2022 study found that 76.65 percent of participants had used herbal medicine, with more than a third combining herbal and conventional treatments while 82.44 percent did not inform their doctors. The Algorithmic Amplification Effect On a smartphone screen, relief is just a click away: fertility tonics, eye drops promising restored vision, syrups claiming to "flush out" disease. The advertisements are polished, persuasive and constant, woven into TikTok, Facebook, Instagram and X feeds. "The platforms themselves amplify this effect," said Dr Egemba Chinonso Fidelis, a public health advocate known online as Aproko Doctor. "Their algorithms reward engaging content and push it to wider audiences." Even users who try to avoid such content often encounter it repeatedly, shaped by emotional storytelling, music and urgency-driven messaging. A 2025 Nigeria-based study on Jinja Herbal Mixture found it appeared safe for short-term use within tested dosage ranges, but researchers recorded biochemical changes at higher doses, including altered creatinine and sodium levels in test subjects, signs of possible kidney and liver stress. The study called for further research into long-term effects and interactions with conventional medicines. Regulatory Challenges in the Digital Age The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) says it is working to track unregistered manufacturers, but enforcement remains difficult, especially online. "With the sheer volume of products online, enforcement has limited reach," said Isaac Kolawole, the southwest zonal director of NAFDAC. Many sellers use fake or incomplete addresses, making them difficult to trace. NAFDAC requires strict registration, testing and approval before herbal products can be sold or advertised, but regulation has not kept pace with online commerce. Fidelis argued that stronger regulation alone is not enough. "If there are no consequences for lying about healthcare online, people will keep doing it," he said. He noted that scammers have even used AI-generated versions of his image to promote fake products. "Real medicine does not promise to cure everything, and it does not rely on countdowns," he added. "Scammers do." Path Forward for Safer Digital Health As Nigeria's digital economy expands, the intersection of technology and healthcare will only grow more complex. Fidelis stressed that access to affordable healthcare must improve, public trust must be rebuilt, and digital platforms must take responsibility for the health content they amplify. Pharmacist Akinade Akinlolu noted that while conditions like diabetes and hypertension can be managed, online claims often suggest cures. "Economic pressure is also pushing people towards cheaper or 'miracle' alternatives," he added. "Without stronger safeguards," Fidelis warned, "the algorithmic apothecary will continue to grow and put more people at risk." The challenge for Nigeria's healthcare system is to harness the power of digital platforms while ensuring they promote evidence-based care rather than potentially harmful alternatives.

The Government's Response to the Youth Employment CrisisA former chief executive of Marks & Spencer has been appointed as a government jobs adviser in its latest attempt to tackle the growing youth unemployment crisis. Marc Bolland, who oversaw the retail chain from 2010 to 2016, will lead a summit of business leaders, amid warnings that the country risks a "lost generation" without urgent intervention.The Scale of the Youth Unemployment ChallengeAbout 1 million people aged 16 to 24 – about one in eight – are not in education, employment or training. An interim report published by the former health secretary Alan Milburn warned that this cohort – known as Neets – could increase to 1.25 million by the 2030s without radical action. The proportion of Neets in the UK is significantly higher than in many other developed countries. In the Netherlands, about 5% of 16 to 24-year-olds are not in education or work, while it is about 12.5% in Britain.Bolland's Role and StrategyIn light of Milburn's findings, Bolland has been appointed as lead non-executive director at the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP), Downing Street said. Bolland, who also led supermarket Morrisons, is understood to have been chosen for the role thanks to his existing involvement with the DWP via his charity Movement to Work. The government said a collaboration with Movement to Work had already helped more than 200,000 unemployed young people find jobs.Economic Impact of Youth UnemploymentThe economic cost of the crisis is estimated to be about £125bn. Milburn's report found that six in 10 young people have never had a job, compared with four in 10 in 2005. He said that an increasing number of young people were being ruled as unfit to work due to health conditions including anxiety, depression and neurodevelopmental conditions. However, it is estimated that for every £25 the government spends on benefits for young people, it devotes just £1 to helping them find work.Focus on Vulnerable GroupsA central part of Bolland's role will be to work with charities supporting disabled young people to ensure they have access to training and employment opportunities. Almost half of those who claim a health or disability benefit before the age of 24 are still unemployed or not in education a decade later.Future Outlook and CollaborationThe government said Bolland would work with "leading chief executives across sectors" to "create clear routes into work and tackle the longstanding challenge of youth unemployment." It added that he would also advise the work and pensions secretary, Pat McFadden, on how the government should respond to Milburn's findings. McFadden said that Bolland's appointment sent a "clear signal" that the government was "serious about tackling that challenge" of youth unemployment. Bolland said he was "honoured and passionate" about working with the government, adding: "I know that working hand in hand with business to support young people gives them the best possible chance of success."

The Crisis in Construction Waste The UK construction industry produces around 62% of the country's waste, with much of it ending up in landfills. This has sparked a movement to renovate existing buildings and reuse materials whenever possible. The Birth of Tipping Point East Joel de Mowbray, a construction professional, was inspired to create change after witnessing the waste generated by construction projects. He founded Yes Make, a design collective that mills urban trees to provide local timber for building projects. A New Hub for Circular Construction Yes Make has partnered with Resolve Collective and Material Cultures to launch Tipping Point East (TPE), a hub in Newham that promotes circular construction practices. The hub processes and certifies used construction materials for reuse or donation. The Data Analysis The construction industry's reliance on centralized milling facilities results in the UK being the world's third-largest timber importer. TPE aims to reduce this waste by providing an alternative source of materials. The Impact Analysis TPE's efforts have the potential to significantly reduce waste and promote sustainable construction practices. The hub offers study visits and training to improve skills and demystify construction. The Prediction De Mowbray envisions a future where TPE and similar initiatives become a crucial part of the construction industry. He likens it to the 'Dunkirk spirit,' where small, community-driven projects come together to make a significant impact.

The Lead: A Provocative Debut Rozie Kelly's frank and feisty debut novel, Kingfisher, has been shortlisted for this year's Women's Prize for Fiction and begins with a case of lust at first sight. The unnamed narrator, a 35-year-old writer, becomes infatuated with a famous poet 17 years his senior, setting the stage for a complex exploration of desire, power dynamics, and unconventional relationships. The Novel's Premise: An Unconventional Attraction The novel introduces us to a "beautiful" 35-year-old writer in a complicated but loving relationship with the equally beautiful but somewhat boring Michael. The object of his sudden attraction is a renowned poet running a popular course at the same university. Despite barely knowing her, he experiences an intense desire "to be inside her," expressing surprise at his own reaction: "A woman! What was the world coming to?" The narrator's infatuation is initially fueled by the poet's success, wealth, and fame, though he also admits to wanting to subjugate her, "to push her down, to render her imperious intelligence stupid with the weight of my body." Thematic Exploration: Love, Lust, and Power Kelly shrewdly explores the different forms love and lust can take, complicated by shifting power dynamics. The relationship begins when the poet and narrator meet to discuss his (nonexistent) poetry collection, leading to an unexpected night together. As their relationship develops, particularly after the poet receives a terminal cancer diagnosis, they settle into the rhythms of a loving relationship. The narrative also explores the narrator's complicated relationship with his racist and homophobic mother, Hetty, confined to a care home, and his deteriorating relationship with Michael, who eventually leaves him for a younger partner. Narrative Structure: Stylistic Uncertainties Despite a confident start and intriguing premise, Kingfisher suffers from narrative inconsistencies. Interesting characters are established then forgotten, and narrative threads are never fully developed. The novel struggles with tonal shifts, moving from "bracing language and violent desires" to "bedside solicitude and quiet domesticity." A late-stage shift into gothic fantasy further destabilizes the narrative, with the ending dangerously approaching "it was all a dream" territory. Throughout, the narrator questions the nature of their relationship: "Who's using who here, do we think?" The answer, as presented in the novel, is that both characters are using each other, as "writers on the make; everyone is potential copy." Critical Assessment: Verve Without Fire Kingfisher possesses considerable verve and energy, demonstrating Kelly's willingness to take risks and embrace absurdity. The novel "crackles and sparks," but ultimately "never quite catches fire." While the book successfully challenges conventional narratives about love and desire, particularly through its exploration of non-traditional relationships and power dynamics, it fails to maintain its initial momentum. The narrative uncertainty and inconsistent tone prevent what could have been a groundbreaking exploration of contemporary relationships from achieving its full potential.

Iran has reasserted its control over the Strait of Hormuz, warning that foreign commercial and military vessels will be targeted if they do not comply with regulations governing passage through the strategic waterway.Iran's Assertion of Maritime SovereigntyThe announcement came after the United States signalled that President Donald Trump was close to a decision on a potential deal with Iran, though Tehran denied an agreement had been reached. The operational headquarters of Iran’s armed forces, Khatam al-Anbiya Central Headquarters, stated that the management of the Strait is exercised with full authority by the Islamic Republic.“All ships, commercial vessels, and tankers are only required to travel through the designated routes and obtain permission from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps [IRGC] Navy,” the statement added. It warned that any violation would seriously jeopardise the security of their traffic.The High-Stakes Diplomatic StandoffThe situation is defined by a clash of demands. While the US seeks a deal ensuring Iran never develops nuclear weapons, Iran is demanding the immediate release of $12bn in frozen assets before proceeding to the next phase of negotiations.US Position: President Trump stated Tehran would remove mines from the strait and end its closure with “no tolls,” while the US would lift its blockade.Iranian Position: Adviser Mohsen Rezaei accused the US of “betraying diplomacy” and making excessive demands.Regional Military EscalationMilitary posturing remains high as both sides prepare for a potential breakdown in talks. Pentagon Chief Pete Hegseth stated that Washington was “more than capable” of restarting the war if a satisfactory deal is not reached.On the ground, tensions escalated with the shooting down of a drone described as belonging to the “US-Zionist enemy” by Iranian air defences. Meanwhile, US Central Command (CENTCOM) continues to warn Iranian ships against crossing the blockade line.Navigating the Path to a DealWith President Trump’s “final determination” pending, the coming days are critical for global stability. The stalemate over the $12bn assets and the reopening of the strait suggests that a diplomatic resolution is not imminent, leaving global markets on edge regarding the flow of oil through this critical chokepoint.

The Actor's Stand for EqualityLord of the Rings star and prominent activist Ian McKellen has joined a march against the criminalisation of LGBTQ+ people in Commonwealth countries, calling it an "appalling situation." The renowned actor lent his voice and visibility to protesters in central London, highlighting the ongoing legal persecution of LGBTQ+ individuals across nations that were once part of the British Empire.The Commonwealth Walk of ShameThe demonstration, officially billed as the "Commonwealth Walk of Shame," was organized by the Peter Tatchell Foundation and the Out and Proud African LGBTI Network. After being addressed by Sir Ian and Nigerian activist Babatunde Akanwale Osunseyi, marchers set off to protest outside the high commissions of eight Commonwealth countries that criminalize LGBTQ+ people. They began at the Nigerian High Commission before proceeding to those of Uganda, Papua New Guinea, Trinidad and Tobago, Ghana, Jamaica, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.Global Scale of Anti-LGBTQ+ LegislationThe protest specifically highlighted laws in 29 Commonwealth countries where same-sex relationships remain illegal. In six of those nations, LGBTQ+ people face life imprisonment, while Uganda and Nigeria still carry the death penalty for same-sex relationships. Despite the march not being a "huge" gathering, Sir Ian hoped that "word will get back" to people in those countries that they are supported by international voices.Colonial Legacy of DiscriminationBefore addressing the crowd, Sir Ian explained the historical context of these laws: "When Britain had an empire, it introduced into countries far away from here the laws that we had in this country, including the laws against gay people." He noted that while these laws have been repealed in Britain, they "remain stuck in the remnants of the British empire now known as the Commonwealth." The actor emphasized that much of the anti-LGBTQ+ hatred seen across Africa and Asia was "exported there" by "cruel" colonial laws.Call for Commonwealth ActionSir Ian urged Commonwealth countries to "live up to the standards and declaration of the Commonwealth and repeal" these outdated laws. He pointed out that the Commonwealth never discusses this problem on its agenda, and hoped that events like this demonstration would "nudge politicians into talking about something which is of such concern." The crowd held up signs calling for King Charles to "apologise for previous monarchs" and highlighting "75 years" of homophobic persecution within the Commonwealth.The actor stressed that this demonstration was "not about hatred" but about "a love of justice, a love of equality." As a prominent figure with global recognition, Sir Ian's participation brought significant attention to the ongoing human rights issues facing LGBTQ+ individuals in many Commonwealth nations.

The Lead Saracens secured a win over Harlequins, catapulting them into the top four with one round to play, marking a satisfying end to Mark McCall's home matches. Match Highlights and Details Not exactly a blaze of glory to send off Mark McCall on his last home match, but to win a good old-fashioned London scrap in such a way will no doubt be its own source of satisfaction. All the more so in that it means Saracens attain the top four for the first time since October with one round to play. All the more so given the bonus point that looked for 75 minutes as if it were a distant luxury. Two tries in a crazy last few minutes meant one of those accrued too, to make the sweltering afternoon perfect, if not quite glorious. Theo Dan steered an attacking lineout over the line with the clock in the red to set off the faithful of a sold-out crowd with the final delirium of knowing they have two points’ grace over Exeter, who play at Leicester tomorrow. The Impact of the Win Whatever the result there, the final playoff spot will boil down to next Saturday’s match at Sandy Park, where the Chiefs will host Saracens. Winner goes through, simple as that. Saracens, we are used to saying, will love nothing more. But this is not quite the outfit that has seen McCall through those 17 glorious years. True, they never looked as if they were going to lose; true, the manner in which they did what they had to, right when it mattered, also had a familiar ring. Key Moments and Performances Owen Farrell was brought on for the last quarter and played his role in closing out the game. He missed a longish penalty with the margin five points and a little more than 10 minutes to play. But he played his part in the try that secured the win with three minutes to play, hitting a fine line off Nathan Michelow, before Olly Hartley’s carry and offload sent Nick Tompkins to the line. Saracens enjoyed a surfeit of possession and worked a few nice moves, but none of it quite hurting. Cadan Murley did well to stop Max Malins scoring after a smart break by the increasingly influential Fergus Burke. The Road Ahead Still a few minutes to claim that fourth, but in between Quins, against all odds, snatched their second try, Cameron Anderson crossing on the right after pressure down the left. All Quins had to do to deny Sarries the extra point was secure the restart, but they were harried into touch, from where the hosts set up that lineout and drive. It was Saracens’ set piece that ruled throughout, but especially in the first half, during which the hosts opened a workmanlike 12-0 lead. They had a penalty try within 10 minutes, the Sarries scrum ploughing through Quins, even more decisively that it would generally each time that set piece convened.

The Surge in Anti-Foreign Business ViolenceSouth Africa is currently facing a wave of violent attacks targeting foreign-owned shops and businesses, with reports of looting, arson, and intimidation spreading across several provinces. The violence, which appears to be fueled by xenophobic sentiments, has raised serious concerns about the safety of immigrant entrepreneurs and the stability of local markets.Escalating Attacks on Immigrant-Owned EnterprisesThe recent spate of violence has seen numerous foreign-owned retail establishments being targeted, with many shopkeepers reporting threats and physical attacks. Witnesses describe coordinated attacks where groups of individuals descend on shopping areas, systematically targeting businesses owned by immigrants from other African nations. South African authorities have deployed additional police forces to affected areas, but the violence continues to flare up in different regions.Economic Toll of the UnrestThe attacks are taking a significant economic toll, with estimates suggesting millions of dollars in damages to foreign-owned businesses. Shop owners report complete losses of inventory and property, with many fearing they may never be able to reopen. Local economies in affected areas are also suffering, as these businesses often serve as vital retail hubs for surrounding communities, providing essential goods and services.Regional Implications and Social TensionsThe violence against foreign-owned businesses is exacerbating already strained social relations in South Africa. The attacks reflect deep-seated economic frustrations and xenophobic attitudes that have been building for years. This situation threatens South Africa's reputation as a relatively stable economy in the region and could impact diplomatic relations with neighboring countries whose citizens are being targeted.Path Forward for Business Safety and Community RelationsExperts predict that without immediate intervention, the violence could escalate further, potentially leading to broader social unrest. Government officials are calling for dialogue between local communities and foreign business owners, while also addressing the root economic grievances that fuel such attacks. Long-term solutions may include better economic opportunities for local populations and strengthened protection for all businesses regardless of ownership nationality.

The Sexist Remark That Sparked ControversyParaguayan player Adolfo Daniel Vallejo will be fined after he suggested women lack the courage to umpire rowdy crowds following his marathon five-hour defeat by French teenager Moise Kouame at the French Open. The French Tennis Federation (FFT) swiftly condemned the comments as "unacceptable" and announced the fine.The Match and the Controversial CommentsVallejo blamed Brazilian referee Ana Carvalho for failing to control the home crowd during his second-round loss to France's Moise Kouame, who triumphed 6-3 7-5 3-6 2-6 7-6 (10-8) at a packed Court Suzanne Lenglen."I think this sort of matches should be umpired by a man," Vallejo told Clay magazine. "It's very difficult for a woman to do it because the crowd is very annoying. You need to have a lot of courage to go against the crowd."Vallejo added that Kouame "took up a lot of time on many occasions, lying on the floor or stalling" and claimed the crowd shouting for a full minute without any play was abnormal.The Tournament's ResponseThe FFT issued a strong statement condemning Vallejo's remarks: "The competence of an umpire is not determined by their gender, but by their professionalism and ability to officiate at the highest level. The outcome of a sporting event, whether positive or negative, can never justify or excuse such remarks."The tournament organizers announced they would impose "a significant sanction on Adolfo Vallejo in the form of a fine." The Roland Garros tournament also stated it "strongly condemns all sexist remarks, regardless of who makes them, and offers its support to the match umpire and, more broadly, to all the tournament's umpiring officials."Player's Attempted Damage ControlFollowing the backlash, Vallejo attempted damage control on social media, claiming his comments were taken out of context."I never spoke about women in general, I was referring specifically to the referee, who failed to manage the crowd at any point during the match," he posted on X. "That said, I didn't say I lost because of her either. I congratulated the opponent and it's only natural for the crowd to support the home player."Broader Implications for TennisThe incident highlights ongoing challenges in addressing sexism in sports, particularly in tennis where female officials have historically faced discrimination. The FFT's swift response sends a message that such remarks will not be tolerated at one of the sport's most prestigious tournaments.The 17-year-old Kouame, who was supported by passionate home supporters during the match that lasted nearly five hours, became the youngest French Open match winner since 1991 with this victory.